Genome Editing Tools in Plants

Abstract

Genome editing tools have the potential to change the genomic architecture of a genome at precise locations, with desired accuracy. These tools have been efficiently used for trait discovery and for the generation of plants with high crop yields and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Due to complex genomic architecture, it is challenging to edit all of the genes/genomes using a particular genome editing tool. Therefore, to overcome this challenging task, several genome editing tools have been developed to facilitate efficient genome editing. Some of the major genome editing tools used to edit plant genomes are: Homologous recombination (HR), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPRs), the CRISPR/Cas9 system, RNA interference (RNAi), cisgenesis, and intragenesis. In addition, site-directed sequence editing and oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis have the potential to edit the genome at the single-nucleotide level. Recently, adenine base editors (ABEs) have been developed to mutate A-T base pairs to G-C base pairs. ABEs use deoxyadeninedeaminase (TadA) with catalytically impaired Cas9 nickase to mutate A-T base pairs to G-C base pairs.

Overview and detectability of the genetic modifications in ornamental plants

“…Whole-genome sequencing of ornamental plants and the development of new molecular markers allow the identification of new genes of interest and related pathways 3 . Considering the ease of use of the new genome editing tools 64 and especially of the CRISPR/Cas9 system 65 , more and more transformed material will be available. To our knowledge, there are five scientific publications related to successful genome editing of ornamental plants with trait of commercial interest, including ipomoea [66][67][68] , petunia 69 , and torenia 70 .…”

Infectious plant diseases: etiology, current status, problems and prospects in plant protection

“…The emergence of the complete genomic sequences of some economically important crops now makes it possible to effectively search for resistance genes, as well as the corresponding DNA markers. Today, genetic markers based on DNA polymorphism (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, CAPS) and short tandem repeats (STRs, or SSRs), as well as DNA microarray technology Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) [ 80 , 81 ], are actively used. A long-term increase in plant resistance can be achieved by using gene pyramiding [ 82 ]; namely through the development of genetically engineered varieties and distant hybridization technology.…”

21st century miniguide to fungal biotechnology

“…The CRISPR-Cas system was selected by the journal Science as its 2015 Breakthrough of the Year (McNutt, 2015); you can read about the latest developments in the 'CRISPR revolution' topic page written by Jon Cohen (a staff writer for Science) at this URL: http://www.sciencemag.org/topic/crispr. Gene editing technologies have been developed for application to animals (Dunn & Pinkert, 2014), plants (Mohanta et al, 2017) and fungi (Nødvig et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2017;Pudake et al, 2017;Zheng et al, 2017), and these publications all make fascinating reading. Anzalone et al (2019) describe a technique they call prime editing (or search-and-replace genome editing) as being:…”