Quantitative analysis of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 expression, nitric oxide response, and apoptosis in Encephalitozoon cuniculi–infected rabbits

Nevárez-Garza, Alicia M.; Castillo-Velázquez, Uziel; Soto‐Domínguez, Adolfo; Montes‐de‐Oca‐Luna, Roberto; Zamora-Ávila, Diana Elisa; Wong-González, Alfredo; Rodríguez-Tovar, Luis E.

doi:10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.004

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Our data reveal that microsporidia induce HMF, but nucleus decay and the apoptotic body were not observed in the infected cells. Meanwhile, previous studies have shown that several species of microsporidia could suppress host apoptosis, including E. cuniculi , N. bombycis , and Vittaforma corneae [ 17 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. This indicates that microsporidia can induce HMF while inhibiting host cell death.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation

Luo

Xie

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of hosts ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. These parasites have evolved strategies to directly hijack host mitochondria for manipulating host metabolism and immunity. However, the mechanism of microsporidia interacting with host mitochondria is unclear. In the present study, we show that microsporidian Encephalitozoon greatly induce host mitochondrial fragmentation (HMF) in multiple cells. We then reveal that the parasites promote the phosphorylation of dynamin 1-like protein (DRP1) at the 616th serine (Ser616), and dephosphorylation of the 637th serine (Ser637) by highly activating mitochondrial phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5). These phosphorylation modifications result in the translocation of DRP1 from cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane, and finally lead to HMF. Furthermore, treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1) significantly reduced microsporidian proliferation, indicating that the HMF are crucial for microsporidian replication. In summary, our findings reveal the mechanism that microsporidia manipulate HMF and provide references for further understanding the interactions between these ubiquitous pathogens with host mitochondria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation

Luo

Xie

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…Some of the immune processes that take place when infections occur are mainly the excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1b, and TNF-α. Such expression has been closely related to apoptosis-inducing inflammatory processes in animal models [25]. Neutrophil infiltration can lead to damage stimulated by oxidative stress, which increases inflammation and activation of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kB)-dependent pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantification of gene expression by RT-qPCR was calculated using the 2 −∆∆Ct method, which consisted of subtracting the threshold cycle (Ct) of the endogenous gene (Gpd1) from the Ct of the gene of interest, thus obtaining the ∆Ct, then the average ∆Ct of the control group was obtained and this was subtracted from the ∆Ct of each of the biological samples, thus calculating the ∆∆Ct, and, finally, the formula 2 −∆∆Ct was applied. The Ct was determined based on the default baseline assigned by the system [25]. The amplification reaction was performed using the GoTaq ® qPCR Master Mix kit at a final volume of 20 µL for each sample, including 10 µL of the GoTaq qPCR Mix (2x), 1 µL of the oligonucleotide pair of interest that (100 µM), 1 µL of the cDNA of interest (75 ng), and, finally, the reaction was completed with 8 µL of nuclease-free water.…”

Section: Oligonucleotide Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Extracts for Their Applications as Natural Anti-Inflammatory Adjuvants

Garza

Elizondo-Luévano

Bazaldúa-Rodríguez

et al. 2021

Plants

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The genus Zingiberaceae has been widely used for phytotherapeutic purposes in traditional medicine throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory activity. Experimental studies have established that inflammation caused by chronic infections represents a risk factor for different forms of cancer. The objective of this study was focused on determining the anti-inflammatory capacity and cytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts of Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) and Curcuma Longa (turmeric). The extracts were obtained by maceration and, through GC-MS/MS, a total of 11 different chemical components were determined in the aqueous extract of cardamom and 7 in the extract of turmeric. The main compounds found in cardamom and turmeric were α-terpinyl acetate (54.46%) and β-turmerone (33.45%), respectively. RT-qPCR results showed significantly lower gene expression levels of innate inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) compared to the control (LPS). Also, it was observed that the extracts do not possess cytotoxic activity against different cell lines, where E. cardamomum showed EC50 (µg/mL) of 473.84 (HeLa cells), 237.36 (J774A.1 cells), 257.51 (Vero E6 cells), and 431.16 (Balb/C peritoneal cells) and C. longa showed EC50 (µg/mL) of 351.17 (HeLa cells), 430.96 (J774A.1 cells), 396.24 (Vero E6 cells), and 362.86 (Balb/C peritoneal cells). The results of this research suggest that natural extracts of E. cardamomum and C. longa possess anti-inflammatory effects and no cytotoxic activity against HeLa, J774A.1, Vero E6, and Balb/C peritoneal cell lines, Finally, it was observed that the extracts also decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in peritoneal macrophages.

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“…To counterbalance the potential harmful effect of IFN-γ overproduction, IELs also play an immunoregulatory role, especially through the expression of antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 that suppresses cytokine production by the Th1 subset, including IFN-γ [34]. Recently, Nevárez-Garza et al [46] also reported elevated expression of IL-10 mRNA in the brain tissue of naturally E. cuniculi infected rabbits. However, in serum of the same animals, levels of IL-10 were similar to the control uninfected rabbits [19].…”

Section: Cd4+ Cells (Si) Cd8+ Cells (Si) Pt+ Cells (Si) Igm+ Cells (Si)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in rabbits orally infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Jeklová¹,

Levá²,

Matiašovic³

et al. 2020

Vet Res

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Encephalitozoonosis is a common infectious disease widely spread among rabbits. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, is considered as a zoonotic and emerging pathogen capable of infecting both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. The aim of the study was to describe in detail the spread of the E. cuniculi in a rabbit organism after experimental infection and the host humoral and cellular immune response including cytokine production. For that purpose, healthy immunocompetent rabbits were infected orally in order to simulate the natural route of infection and euthanised at 2, 4, 6 and 8-weeks post-infection. Dissemination of E. cuniculi in the body of the rabbit was more rapid than previously reported. As early as 2 weeks post-infection, E. cuniculi was detected using immunohistochemistry not only in the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs and heart, but also in nervous tissues, especially in medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and leptomeninges. Based on flow cytometry, no conspicuous changes in lymphocyte subpopulations were detected in the examined lymphoid organs of infected rabbits. Cell-mediated immunity was characterized by ability of both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to proliferate after stimulation with specific antigens. Th1 polarization of immune response with a predominance of IFN-γ expression was detected in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. The increased expression of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA in mixed samples from the small intestine is indicative of balanced control of IFN-γ, which prevents tissue damage. On the other hand, it can enable E. cuniculi to survive and persist in the host organism in a balanced host-parasite relationship. The Th17 immunity lineage seems to play only a minor role in E. cuniculi infection in rabbits.

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Quantitative analysis of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10 expression, nitric oxide response, and apoptosis in Encephalitozoon cuniculi–infected rabbits

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation

Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation

Benefits of Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton) and Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Extracts for Their Applications as Natural Anti-Inflammatory Adjuvants

Characterization of humoral and cell-mediated immunity in rabbits orally infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi

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