Yoga training modulates adipokines in adults with high‐normal blood pressure and metabolic syndrome

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. Our previous study indicated that people with MetS showed a decrease in waist circumference and a decreasing trend in blood pressure after 1-year yoga. This study investigated the effect of yoga on MetS people with high-normal blood pressure by exploring modulations in proinflammatory adipokines (leptin, chemerin, visfatin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 or PAI-1) and an anti-inflammatory adipokine (adiponectin). A total of 97 Hong Kong Chinese individuals aged 57.6 ± 9.1 years with MetS and high-normal blood pressure were randomly assigned to control (n = 45) and yoga groups (n = 52). Participants in the control group were not given any intervention but were contacted monthly to monitor their health status.Participants in the yoga group underwent a yoga training program with three 1-hour yoga sessions weekly for 1 year. The participants' sera were harvested and assessed for adipokines. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to examine the interaction effect between 1-year time (pre vs post), and intervention (control vs yoga).GEE analyses revealed significant interaction effects between 1-year time and yoga intervention for the decreases in leptin and chemerin and the increase in adiponectin concentration in the sera examined. These results demonstrated that 1-year yoga training decreased proinflammatory adipokines and increased anti-inflammatory adipokine in adults with MetS and high-normal blood pressure. These findings support the beneficial role of yoga in managing MetS by favorably modulating adipokines. K E Y W O R D Sadipokine, high blood pressure, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, mind-body exercise | INTRODUCTIONMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinically significant predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. MetS represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia. Central obesity and insulin resistance are considered important underlying contributors to MetS. Furthermore, some researchers believe that hypertension might be another chief contributor to MetS as hypertension increases the risk for obesity and insulin resistance. 2,3Approximately 65%-75% of hypertensive individuals are obese, and 50% of hypertensive individuals are insulinresistant. 4 Notably, it has been shown that the prevalence of elevated blood pressure or hypertension among people with MetS could be as high as 85%. 3 Thus, it has been proposed that blood pressure control might be an important strategy in reducing the risk of MetS in healthy individuals.

Associations between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese University Staff

“…Gregorio et al [44] reported that flexibility not only in the waist but also in the upper body is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Another study found that flexibility exercises reduced pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as PAI-1 and chemerin, and increased anti-inflammatory adipokines, such as adiponectin [45]. Future studies are needed to further confirm the effectiveness of flexibility training in reducing blood glucose and preventing CVD.…”

Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Risk of Dyslipidemia in University Staff: A Cross-Sectional Study and a ROC Curve Analysis

“…Another study demonstrated that flexibility was positively associated with HDL-C [ 64 ]. Furthermore, a Japanese study revealed that better trunk flexibility was negatively associated with DL prevalence [ 62 ].It has been reported that flexibility exercises reduce pro-inflammatory adipokines, including chemerin and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and increased anti-inflammatory adipokines, such as adiponectin [ 65 ]. In conclusion, flexibility exercises were essential for DL patients, and the improvement of CRF and flexibility could be useful for reducing the risk of DL.…”

Yoga Therapy Influence Onto Endothelium Function: Evidential Data

“…Yoga training provides a trend to normalization in both anti-(adiponectin) and pro-inflammatory adipokines (leptin, chemerin, visfatin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1). Such effect was registered in 52 patients with metabolic syndrome after 1-year 3-times a week yoga training [27]. It should be noticed that short-term yoga intervention also causes a significant increase in the plasma adiponectin (median 4.95 μg/mL vs 6.26 μg/mL, respectively, p=0.014) [20].…”

“…However, in terms of BP control at rehabilitation of patients after acute coronary syndrome, it didn't show any significant improvements [17]. At the same time, LIMBS (Lifestyle Modification in Blood Pressure Study II) revealed the same effect of yoga as lifestyle modification/diet in healthy patients or with arterial hypertension (stage I) after 24 weeks of intervention [27].…”