“…Heart transplantation, drug therapy and artificial heart implantation are considered to be the main measures to treat heart failure until now ( Crespo-Leiro et al, 2018 ). Due to the serious shortage of heart donors ( Guyette et al, 2016 ; Wang et al, 2022 ), as well as the limitations of drug therapy ( Kresoja et al, 2017 ) and xenotransplantation ( Reardon, 2022 ; Cooper et al, 2022 ; Griffith et al, 2022 ), artificial heart has actually become the most potential way to treat heart failure ( Almond et al, 2013 ; Goldstein et al, 2019 ; Kormos et al, 2019 ; Mehra et al, 2019 ; Shah et al, 2022 ). Inevitably, patients implanted with artificial hearts will face some serious infection problems ( Kirklin et al, 2017 ; Chouirfa et al, 2019 ; Mulzer et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ), for example, the massive reproduction of bacteria represented by E. coli ( Escherichia coli ) and S. aureus ( Staphylococcus aureus ) on the surface of the implant materials ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Zhu et al, 2022 ).…”