Effects of protein and fat concentration in coproduct-based growing calf diets on adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, blood metabolites, and carcass composition

Abstract

Crossbred calves ( = 30; age = 95 ± 1.7 d; BW = 179 ± 18 kg) were fed 1 of 5 growing diets: 1) corn-based control, 2) low-fat, low-protein coproduct blend, 3) high-fat, low-protein coproduct blend, 4) low-fat, high-protein coproduct blend, and 5) high-fat, high-protein coproduct blend for 112 d (growing phase) followed by a common corn-based finishing diet (additional 112 d; finishing phase). Calves were biopsied at 0, 112, and 224 d for transcriptional analysis via real-time quantitative PCR of 14 genes associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis within the muscle. Serum was collected at d 0, 112, and 224 and analyzed for leptin, IGF-1, and GH concentration. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) to ascertain the effects of 2 protein levels, 2 fat levels, time, and any interactions. Increased protein and decreased fat in the growing diet resulted in a carryover effect that increased ( 0.01) gene expression of PPARγ, insulin-induced gene 1, thyroid hormone responsive SPOT14 protein, ATP citrate lyase, adiponectin, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homologue 2, fatty acid binding protein 4, fatty acid synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase as well as serum leptin concentrations between d 112 and 224. Expression of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 was increased ( 0.01) at d 112 in steers fed high-protein, high-fat diets compared to those fed high-protein, low-fat diets. A fat × day interaction ( 0.01) occurred for the expression of adiponectin receptor 2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, resulting in a carryover effect wherein low-fat diets fed during the growing phase increased expression of both genes at the end of the finishing phase (d 224). After slaughter, cattle fed the control during the growing phase tended ( 0.09) to have greater marbling scores, whereas other carcass parameters were not different ( ≥ 0.13). These data indicate that feeding differing levels of dietary fat and protein during the growing phase does affect i.m. adipogenesis at the transcriptional level, but differences in gene expression were not sufficient to affect carcass quality among cattle fed coproducts.

Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Lipid Metabolism Gene Expression and Fatty Acid Composition in 18–23-Month-Old Hanwoo Steers

“…The DGAT2 gene is an important contributor to triglyceride synthesis and storage and increases the total proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids within the adipocyte. Our results are similar to a previous study that reported downregulation of DGAT2 expression in cattle fed a high-protein diet with fat [ 41 ]. Despite the observed downregulation of GPAT1 and DGAT2 genes involved in fatty acid esterification, the intramuscular fatty acid and oleic acid contents increased in response to the high-protein diet in this experiment.…”

Macronutrient modulation of mRNA and microRNA function in animals: A review

“…However, the expression of the PPARγ gene in response to a low-fat diet is partly true in the case of growing calves. Low-fat diet resulted in an increase of the expression of PPARγ gene at 0 to 112 d of age of growing calves, whereas it is decreased at 112 to 224 d of age in response to low dietary fat ( Segers et al., 2017 ). In another study, Anunciado-Koza and colleagues showed that the expression of an array of genes including Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 ( Sfrp5 ), bone morphogenetic protein 3 ( Bmp3 ), mesoderm specific transcript ( Mest ), and WNT Signaling Pathway Inhibitor 1 ( Nkd1 ) was significantly upregulated in the adipose tissues of mice fed a high-fat diet in comparison to that of basal low-fat diet-fed mice ( Anunciado-Koza et al., 2015 ).…”

“… Macro-nutrient Feeding cohort Organism, tissue/organ Platform DE genes Important genes References Fat standard vs. high fat mice, white adipose tissue qPCR – Gpr109a , Gpr81 Wanders et al. (2012) Fat high vs. low fat cattle, muscle qPCR – ACLY , ADIPOQ , ADIPOR2 , CEBPA , DGAT2 , FABP4 , FASN , INSIG1 , LEP , MTG1 , PCK1 , PPARG , RPS15A , SCD , SREBF1 Segers et al. (2017) Fat commercial diet, standard vs. high fat mice, epididymal fat qPCR – Mest , Sfrp5 , Bmp3 , Nkd1 Anunciado-Koza et al.…”

Metabolomics Analysis of the Beef Samples with Different Meat Qualities and Tastes

“…Intramuscular fat, also called marbling, in Korean cattle is an important trait that influences the beef quality grading system. Fat accumulation has been shown to be associated with the levels of genes, proteins, and metabolites (Picard et al, 2012;Picard et al, 2015;Segers et al, 2017). In particular, differences in meat quality may be related to changes in muscle metabolism.…”