“…Early cases with pathognomonic maxillo-facial signs are known from Egypt (2nd century BC, Dzierzykray-Rogalski, 1980; and 4th century AD, Molto, 2002), and from Europe (5th-7th centuries AD -e.g. Brothwell, 1961;Møller-Christensen and Hughes, 1962;Manchester, 1981;Blondiaux et al, 1994;Duhig, 1998;Brothwell et al, 2000). Several 4th century AD Egyptian cases (Molto, 2002) have been studied by aDNA analyses and the presence of the pathogen has been confirmed (Donoghue et al, 2005).…”