“…Furthermore, Boussault et al found that 32% of children with atopic dermatitis who used oat‐based creams had positive patch tests to oat, compared to none in non‐oat cream users. An outbreak of wheat allergy also occurred in Japan in users of a hydrolyzed wheat protein‐containing facial soap …”
Section: The Dual‐allergen Exposure Hypothesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An outbreak of wheat allergy also occurred in Japan in users of a hydrolyzed wheat protein-containing facial soap. 23 Chan et al 24 found that a trend toward Th2 skewing in skin-homing CLA+ cells of peanut-allergic subjects, suggesting that allergic sensitization occurs through the skin, whereas Th1 skewing in gastrointestinal (GI)-homing α4β7+ cells of peanut-tolerant subjects suggested that allergen exposure through the GI tract promotes tolerance. A population-based study in Australia showed that infants with eczema were 6 times more likely to develop egg allergy and 11 times more likely to develop peanut allergy by age 12 months, than infants without eczema.…”
Section: Evidence For Food Sensitization Through a Disrupted Skin Bmentioning
Emerging evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods for the prevention of food allergies, such as peanut allergy in Western populations, has led to the recent publication of guidelines in the USA and Europe recommending early peanut introduction for high-risk infants with severe eczema or egg allergy. Peanut allergy is, however, much less prevalent in Asia compared to the West. Varying patterns of food allergy are seen even within Asian countries-such as a predominance of wheat allergy in Japan and Thailand and shellfish allergy in Singapore and the Philippines. Customs and traditions, such as diet and infant feeding practices, also differ between Asian populations.Hence, there are unique challenges in adapting guidelines on early allergenic food introduction to the Asian setting. In this paper, we review the evidence and discuss the possible approaches to guide the timely introduction of allergenic food in high-risk infants in Asia.
“…Furthermore, Boussault et al found that 32% of children with atopic dermatitis who used oat‐based creams had positive patch tests to oat, compared to none in non‐oat cream users. An outbreak of wheat allergy also occurred in Japan in users of a hydrolyzed wheat protein‐containing facial soap …”
Section: The Dual‐allergen Exposure Hypothesismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An outbreak of wheat allergy also occurred in Japan in users of a hydrolyzed wheat protein-containing facial soap. 23 Chan et al 24 found that a trend toward Th2 skewing in skin-homing CLA+ cells of peanut-allergic subjects, suggesting that allergic sensitization occurs through the skin, whereas Th1 skewing in gastrointestinal (GI)-homing α4β7+ cells of peanut-tolerant subjects suggested that allergen exposure through the GI tract promotes tolerance. A population-based study in Australia showed that infants with eczema were 6 times more likely to develop egg allergy and 11 times more likely to develop peanut allergy by age 12 months, than infants without eczema.…”
Section: Evidence For Food Sensitization Through a Disrupted Skin Bmentioning
Emerging evidence for the early introduction of allergenic foods for the prevention of food allergies, such as peanut allergy in Western populations, has led to the recent publication of guidelines in the USA and Europe recommending early peanut introduction for high-risk infants with severe eczema or egg allergy. Peanut allergy is, however, much less prevalent in Asia compared to the West. Varying patterns of food allergy are seen even within Asian countries-such as a predominance of wheat allergy in Japan and Thailand and shellfish allergy in Singapore and the Philippines. Customs and traditions, such as diet and infant feeding practices, also differ between Asian populations.Hence, there are unique challenges in adapting guidelines on early allergenic food introduction to the Asian setting. In this paper, we review the evidence and discuss the possible approaches to guide the timely introduction of allergenic food in high-risk infants in Asia.
“…Although the sensitization mode and the duration of exposition differed in these populations, cases of allergy to acid-HWPs presented high similarities, notably in the type and severity of symptoms. The larger number of cases in Japan probably resulted from a combination of factors such as the wide exposure to the GP19S-containing soap, the presence of a detergent that was shown to favor sensitization by gluten proteins [ 34 ], and repeated skin applications [ 40 ]. Similar dominant epitopes and allergens have also been reported for both patient populations [ 11 , 12 ].…”
BackgroundAcid-hydrolyzed wheat proteins (acid-HWPs) have been shown to provoke severe allergic reactions in Europe and Japan that are distinct from classical wheat allergies. Acid-HWPs were shown to contain neo-epitopes induced by the deamidation of gluten proteins. However, products with variable rates of deamidation can be found.ObjectivesIn this work, we studied the effect of the extent of wheat proteins deamidation on its allergenicity. A recombinant chimeric IgE was produced and compared to patients’ IgE for its capacity to assess the IgE-mediated triggering potential of acid-HWPs.MethodsSera from acid-HWP allergic patients were analyzed via ELISA and a functional basophil assay for their IgE reactivity to wheat proteins with different deamidation levels. A chimeric mouse/human IgE (chIgE-DG1) specific for the main neo-epitope, QPEEPFPE, involved in allergy to acid-HWPs was characterized with respect to its functionality and its reactivity compared to that of patients’ IgE.ResultsAcid-HWPs with medium (30%) and high (50–60%) deamidation levels displayed a markedly stronger IgE binding and capacity to activate basophils than those of samples with weak (15%) deamidation levels. The monoclonal chIgE-DG1 allowed basophil degranulation in the presence of deamidated wheat proteins. ChIgE-DG1 was found to mimic patients’ IgE reactivity and displayed the same ability to rank acid-HWP products in a degranulation assay.ConclusionIncreasing the deamidation level of products from 15% to 60% resulted in an approximately 2-fold increase in their antigenicity and a 100-fold increase in their eliciting potential. The chimeric ChIgE-DG1 may be a useful tool to evaluate functionalized glutens for their allergenic potential. By mimicking patient sera reactivity, chIgE-DG1 also provided data on the patients' IgE repertoire and on the functionality of certain repeated epitopes in gluten proteins.
“…Although there is no firm conclusion on the mechanism of allergic sensitization to chlorhexidine, impairment of the skin barrier is thought to be the immunologic basis of allergic sensitization in other allergens, such as food, with suggested mechanistic links. 51,52 Previous data revealed higher concentrations of chlorhexidine, such as 2-4% weight by volume (w/v) had irritating effects on the skin, resulting in impairment of the skin barrier and potentially increasing the risk of 14,42,49,50 Management for patients with suspected chlorhexidine allergy 1. Confirm chlorhexidine allergy by careful history taking, reviewing of anesthesia records, and performing allergy tests 2.…”
Section: Prevention Of Re-exposure In Patients With Proven Chlorhexidmentioning
Chlorhexidine is a synthetic bisbiguanide antiseptic and was introduced in healthcare use in 1954. Allergy to chlorhexidine has been increasingly reported particularly in the perioperative and medical procedural settings. The hypersensitivity reactions range from mild cutaneous reactions to anaphylaxis or death. There are many products and medical devices containing chlorhexidine that sometimes lack standardized labeling. With the various routes of chlorhexidine exposure, accidental or recurrent reactions in chlorhexidine-allergic patients have been reported. Therefore, we aim to review the most recent evidence in clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, management, and preventive measures with a focus on the unique features of chlorhexidine allergy.
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