Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths

Reimer, Tormey; Dempster, Tim; Wargelius, Anna; Fjelldal, Per Gunnar; Hansen, Tom; Glover, Kevin A.; Solberg, Monica Favnebøe; Swearer, Stephen E.

doi:10.1242/jeb.148056

Cited by 30 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Hawkins & Johnstone 1978, Amoser & Ladich 2005; however, the sound and playback levels in the current study are well within the hearing range of Atlantic salmon and that determined for a similar shrimp species, the common shrimp Palaemon serratus (Hawkins & Johnstone 1978, Amoser & Ladich 2005, Lovell et al 2005, Ladich & Fay 2013. Hearing capacity in rapidly growing salmon may be reduced due to otolith malformation (Reimer et al 2016(Reimer et al , 2017. Nonetheless, it appears unlikely that the animals in the current study did not perceive the playback sounds at all.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The impact of aquaculture soundscapes on whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Slater

Fricke

Weiss

et al. 2020

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Research into the effects of soundscapes on aquaculture species in key production systems is sparse, despite potential impacts of sound on animal welfare and commercial yields. In the following study, 2 high-value global aquaculture species, whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, were exposed to aquaculture production system soundscapes. For shrimp, sound recordings of a commercial recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) were played back at a sound pressure level (SPL) of 128 dB re 1 µPa, and for salmon, recordings from a commercial sea pen production system were played back at an SPL of 127 dB re 1 µPa for an 8 wk period. Effects of exposure on growth, survival, and indications of metabolic stress were measured as parameters of interest for aquaculture production. Mean growth performance and survival rates did not differ significantly between sound and control treatments for either species. Blood and haemolymph parameters from both species indicated no measurable change in metabolic status or stress levels. Slight, but non-significant, increases in total haemocyte count and, in particular, hyaline cell count were recorded in shrimp exposed to sound. Slight, but non-significant reductions in overall weight gain were recorded in sound-exposed salmon. Overall, the results indicate that sound exposure in current production systems does not negatively affect the early grow-out stage of these key species, either due to rapid habituation or higher hearing thresholds of hatchery-produced individuals, and that no measurable stress response occurs in sound-exposed animals. In future studies, response of the studied species to acute sound exposure and the response of earlier, and potentially more sensitive, life-stages will need to be determined to ensure optimal welfare and production performance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The impact of aquaculture soundscapes on whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Slater

Fricke

Weiss

et al. 2020

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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“…It is also important to note that sensory structures may change and hence function differently in aquacultured animals. For example, Reimer et al (2017) showed that in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, the mineral composition of the otoliths (hearing structures) change from arag-onite to vateritic, which causes a possible 28 to 50% decrease in normal function. Hearing the sound does not directly imply the sound will induce stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soundscapes in aquaculture systems

Radford¹,

Slater²

2019

Aquacult. Environ. Interact.

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Sound in aquaculture production systems remains poorly understood in terms of both biological effects and engineering possibilities. Open systems such as net pens and traditional ponds are increasingly being complemented by recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Each of these systems create soundscapes, which may have a significant effect on the high-value commercial species being farmed. The current study compared recordings of soundscapes from commercial net pens, earthen ponds, and concrete and high-density polyethylene RAS holding systems. Calibrated measurements of each acoustic habitat revealed the range and intensity of sound in each system type. Spectra of each type of holding system were overlaid with the hearing ranges and sensitivity levels of 4 commonly aquacultured fish, common carp Cyprinus carpio, European perch Perca fluviatilis, red sea bream Pagrus major and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and 1 crustacean, common prawn Palaemon serratus. The majority of ambient noise recorded in RAS systems and net pens fell within the 100 to 500 Hz range at or near fish hearing thresholds. While RAS systems are a markedly louder environment for species otherwise held in earthen ponds, the net pen environment clearly represents the most variable and loudest aquaculture holding system, reaching noise levels capable of eliciting a measurable physiological response in many species and revealing a likely source of chronic stress. The long-term stress response of culture animals and performance cost of inappropriate soundscapes remains undetermined. A precautionary approach and optimised system engineering is recommended to reduce the sound impact on culture animals to optimise growth performance.

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“…In addition, other potentially deformity‐inducing stress factors are yet to be laboratory tested. Factors such as larval density (Boglione et al ), developmental rates (Reimer et al ), dietary constituents (Cahu et al ), and pathogens (Johnson et al ) have demonstrated deformity‐inducing effects in other taxa, and are worth further consideration. Developmental rates may be of particular interest, given the faint effects suggested in our nutritional and developmental tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Re‐Evaluation of Chironomid Deformities as an Environmental Stress Response: Avoiding Survivorship Bias and Testing Noncontaminant Biological Factors

Gagliardi

Long

Pettigrove

et al. 2019

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Larval deformities have been observed in chironomids, and are thought to be associated with aquatic contaminant exposure. However, in laboratory assays, deformities have not been linked with contaminants in the absence of potential confounding variables including mortality, which introduces a survivorship bias. There is also a paucity of data on noncontaminant causes. In addition, power analyses are rarely undertaken, meaning that effect sizes detectable are usually uncertain. We therefore aimed to clarify factors associated with deformities, by running survivorship bias–free (i.e., sublethal) assays, assessing contaminant (copper and imidacloprid) and noncontaminant (malnutrition) stressors, and considering natural biological (metamorphosis) factors in Chironomus tepperi. We included a posteriori power analyses for all tests. Our assays found no significant association between tested factors and deformity rate. Power analyses indicated that the stressor experiment had moderate power to detect deformity effects. The metamorphosis assay had relatively lower power (due to an unexpectedly high control deformity rate), highlighting the importance of power tests in these types of evaluations. These results, in conjunction with others recently published, raise doubts as to the causal effects of environmental stressors on deformity incidence. By avoiding survivorship bias, and by testing noncontaminant factors and statistical power, we present a more holistic methodology, to resolve ongoing uncertainty in this area. We also discuss possible future directions for chironomid deformity research, and concerns regarding survivorship bias in ecotoxicology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1658–1667. © 2019 SETAC

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Rapid growth causes abnormal vaterite formation in farmed fish otoliths

Cited by 30 publications

References 33 publications

The impact of aquaculture soundscapes on whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

The impact of aquaculture soundscapes on whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Soundscapes in aquaculture systems

A Re‐Evaluation of Chironomid Deformities as an Environmental Stress Response: Avoiding Survivorship Bias and Testing Noncontaminant Biological Factors

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