Chironomid larval deformities have been widely investigated as an aquatic pollution toxicity end point. Field chironomid surveys often show a spatial association between contaminants and deformities, suggesting contaminants cause deformities. However, over 40 years of laboratory assays have not been able to confirm this causality. We therefore conducted a review of the literature and meta-analysis, in order to (A) assess whether trends across assays indicated dose-response effects, (B) characterize the consistency of results, and (C) investigate whether experimental issues and publication bias were contributing to inconsistency and/or reducing confidence in results. The experimental issues we investigated were extraneous nonchemical laboratory stressors (which may mask or interact with chemical effects), and mortality (which can confound deformity results). Our meta-analysis of the most commonly tested chemicals suggested dose-response effects for copper, but not lead or zinc. However, we also found substantial inconsistency across studies. Both mortality and extraneous stressors were potentially contributing to this inconsistency, reducing confidence in most published data. We observed no evidence of publication bias. We conclude that any causal link between contaminants and deformities remains uncertain, and suggest improved experimental and data reporting procedures to better assess this relationship.
Chironomids from the genus Chironomus are widely used in laboratory ecotoxicology, but are prone to inbreeding depression, which can compromise test results. The standard Chironomus test species (C. riparius, C. dilutus and C. yoshimatsui) are also not cosmopolitan, making it difficult to compare results between geographic regions. In contrast, the chironomid Paratanytarsus grimmii is cosmopolitan, and not susceptible to inbreeding depression because it reproduces asexually by apomictic parthenogenesis. However, there is no standardised culturing methodology for P. grimmii, and a lack of acute toxicity data for common pollutants (metals and pesticides). In this study, we developed a reliable culturing methodology for P. grimmii. We also determined 24-h first instar LC50s for the metals Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and the insecticide imidacloprid. By developing this culturing methodology and generating the first acute metal and imidacloprid LC50s for P. grimmii, we provide a basis for using P. grimmii in routine ecotoxicological testing.
Parthenogenesis is common among invasive pest species, with many parthenogenetic species also showing polyploidy. Parthenogenetic polyploid species often have multiple hybrid origins and the potential to rapidly spread over vast geographical areas. In this study, we examine patterns of mitochondrial and microsatellite variation in a widespread triploid parthenogenetic chironomid pest species, Paratanytarsus grimmii. Based on samples from five countries, including Australia, England, Germany, Japan, and Canada, we found extremely low mitochondrial diversity (<0.14%), with most individuals sharing a common and widespread haplotype. In contrast, microsatellite diversity revealed 41 clonal variants, which were regionally endemic. These findings suggest a single invasive maternal lineage of P. grimmii is likely to have recently spread over a broad geographical range. High levels of genotypic endemism suggest P. grimmii populations have remained relatively isolated after an initial spread, with little ongoing migration. This, in part, can be attributed to rapid genetic differentiation via mutations of common clonal genotypes after P. grimmii spread, but multiple polyploidization and subsequent founder events are also likely to be contributing factors.
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