Psychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale in Chinese university students

Abstract

BackgroundRumination increases vulnerability to depression, exacerbates and perpetuates negative moods. This study was aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the 10-item Ruminative Response Scale (RRS-10) in a large undergraduate sample.MethodsA sample of 5,236 university students finished the RRS and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the two-factor structure and the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 across gender. The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, correlations among RRS, RRS-10 and CES-D were also explored. In addition, gender difference on rumination and the relationship between rumination and depression were further investigated.ResultsThe two-factor model of RRS-10 fit the data reasonably and had acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability in Chinese undergraduates sample. And the measurement equivalence of the RRS-10 was acceptable across gender in Chinese university students. Findings in respect of latent means and manifest means revealed non-significant gender difference in RRS-10. Besides, participants with high-level rumination had more depressive symptoms than those with low-level rumination.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the RRS-10 showed good psychometric properties and was measurement invariant across gender in undergraduates.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1318-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Factor Structure of the Ruminative Response Scale and Measurement Invariance across Gender and Age among Chinese Adolescents

“…These results was similar with the previous researches of Dutch (Schoofs et al, 2010;Treynor et al, 2003) and other Asian countries (Shin et al, 2015). Previous re-searches concerning RRS-10's factor analysis have shown a good two-factor structure (Lei et al, 2017;Treynor et al, 2003), however, the validity of the three-factor construct is rarely verified. The revised three-factor model of RRS which excluded the item 14 is also considered to be appropriate which is similar with Korean sample (Shin et al, 2015).…”

“…Compared with college students (Lei et al, 2017), the middle school students' academic pressure is relatively greater, which may be related with the immature mental characteristics and the lack of self-adjustment of adolescents. This result also is consistent with the clinical results (Gotham et al, 2018) and associated with the difficulties of social maladjustment, affective recognition, emotion regulation, even suicidal ideation (Sarkisian et al, 2019;Aker, Harmer, & Landrø, 2014).…”

“…In subsequent studies, Butler and Nolen-Hoeksema (Butler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1994) used a two-factor version with 10 items. So more researches discussed the reliability and validity of the two factors of RRS (Hasegawa, 2013;Lei et al, 2017;Lucena-Santos et al, 2018), but less researches focused on the reliability and validity of the three factors. The RRS has emerged as the most frequently used self-report measure of depressive rumination in both researches and clinical practice for its wide target population and stable reliability and validity in Japanese, Dutch and Korean (Topper et al, 2014;Shin, Cho, & Kim, 2015).…”

Cognitive Mechanisms in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients and Survivors: Feasibility and Preliminary Insights from the Cognitions and Affect in Cancer Resiliency Study

“…The ruminative response style (RRS) 17 -10 is a 10-item scale rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 1 (never) to 4 (always) derived from the original 22-item scale. 18 The questions ask about one's general way of addressing negative emotions such as I think about how alone I feel. The total scores range from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating higher levels of rumination.…”

The impact of depression and culture on responses to intrusive autobiographical memories: Cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance, and brooding rumination

“…In the current study, items were reworded to past tense and rated on a 7‐point scale (1 = not at all to 7 = very much ). The brooding subscale has previously been validated in East Asian samples (Lee & Kim, ; Lei et al ., ). Internal consistency in the current study was European Australian α = .75, East Asian α = .80.…”