Gut Microbiota Modulation and Its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: A Review

Abstract

In the present world scenario, obesity has almost attained the level of a pandemic and is progressing at a rapid rate. This disease is the mother of all other metabolic disorders, which apart from placing an added financial burden on the concerned patient also has a negative impact on his/her well-being and health in the society. Among the various plausible factors for the development of obesity, the role of gut microbiota is very crucial. In general, the gut of an individual is inhabited by trillions of microbes that play a significant role in host energy homeostasis by their symbiotic interactions. Dysbiosis in gut microbiota causes disequilibrium in energy homeostasis that ultimately leads to obesity. Numerous mechanisms have been reported by which gut microbiota induces obesity in experimental models. However, which microbial community is directly linked to obesity is still unknown due to the complex nature of gut microbiota. Prebiotics and probiotics are the safer and effective dietary substances available, which can therapeutically alter the gut microbiota of the host. In this review, an effort was made to discuss the current mechanisms through which gut microbiota interacts with host energy metabolism in the context of obesity. Further, the therapeutic approaches (prebiotics/probiotics) that helped in positively altering the gut microbiota were discussed by taking experimental evidence from animal and human studies. In the closing statement, the challenges and future tasks within the field were discussed.

Protective Effects of Anthocyanins in Obesity‐Associated Inflammation and Changes in Gut Microbiome

“…Gut microbiota influences fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis, satiety, and metabolic endotoxemia. Effects of gut bacteria on risk for CVD, and T2D is inconsistent, and these effects are mediated via metabolites such as short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids, LPS, and trimethylamine (TMA) . Of these, TMA produced by gut bacteria through choline, phosphatidylcholine, and l ‐carnitine can be oxidized to TMA N‐oxide (TMAO).…”

Corrigendum: The new views on the state of the gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2 (Diabetes mellitus. 2019;22(3). doi: 10.14341/DM10194)

“…1). При этом типы Firmicutes и Bacteroidetes составляют более 90% всех представителей кишечной микробиоты [2,4,13,14,15]. При изучении микрофлоры кишечника человека ряд исследований показал, что, независимо от географического региона, состояния здоровья, возраста, характера питания, в организме преобладают три доминирующих рода микроорганизмов: Bacteroides, Prevotella, Ruminococcus.…”

Metabolic diversity of bacteria and yeast from commercial probiotic products illustrated by phenotypic profiling

“…Among the wide array of bioactive compounds produced by lactic acid bacteria are B 503 vitamins, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), bioactive peptides, bacteriocins, and other complex 504 molecules such as exopolysaccharides [51]. Several other recent review articles summarize the health 505 benefits provided by microorganisms in functional foods [60] and explore the idea of how dietary 506 composition can reshape a healthy microbiome to restore functions lost through the Western diet and 507 lifestyle [61][62] [7]. In a randomized clinical trial evaluating dietary interventions for type 2 diabetes 508 mellitus, a high fiber diet altered the composition of the gut microbiota, and greater diversity of 509 carbohydrates was associated with improved clinical outcomes [63].…”

“…In addition to their established roles in female reproductive health [5], probiotics have been recognized 58 for myriad effects on digestive health [6]. 59 Obesity has been shown to be correlated with the microbiota, linked to an imbalance in energy 60 homeostasis, and probiotics and/or prebiotics show potential to address this [7]. According to Salazar et 61 al., prebiotic ingestion by obese women caused an increase in Bifidobacterium species, attenuated short-62 chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and thus abated metabolic factors correlated with obesity [8].…”