Epidemiology of paediatric renal stone disease: a 22-year single centre experience in the UK

Abstract

BackgroundWhilst still rare, the incidence of paediatric stone disease is increasing in developed countries and it is important to evaluate the aetiology. We set up a dedicated renal stone service for children combining medical and surgical expertise in 1993 and now have a large case series of children to investigate the epidemiology.MethodsA retrospective hospital note review of children presenting with kidney stones during the last 22 years (1993–2015) was conducted. All patients had a comprehensive infective and metabolic screen and were classified as metabolic, infective or idiopathic stone disease.ResultsFive hundred eleven patients (322 male) were reviewed. The median age of presentation was 4.4y for males (1 m-16.6y) and 7.3y (1–18.5y) for females with a median height and weight on the 25th centile for male and on 10th and 25th for female, respectively. One hundred seventy five (34%) had an underlying metabolic abnormality, 112 (22%) had infective stones and 224 (44%) were classified as idiopathic.Of the 175 patients with a metabolic abnormality: 91 (52%) had hypercalciuria (76 persistent and 15 transient), 37 (21%) hyperoxaluria, 38 (22%) cystinuria, 3 (2%) abnormalities in the purine metabolism and the remainder other metabolic abnormalities. Bilateral stones occurred in 27% of the metabolic group compared to 16% in the non-metabolic group (OR 0.2, p < 0.05). Urinary tract infection was a common complication (27%) in the metabolic group.ConclusionsIn this paper, we present the largest cohort of paediatric stone disease reported from a developed country giving details on both, clinical and laboratory data. We show that in the majority of the patients there is an identifiable underlying metabolic and/or infective aetiology emphasizing the importance of a full work up to provide adequate treatment and prevent recurrence. Moreover, we show that stone disease in children, in contrast to the adult population, does not seem to be associated with obesity, as children have a weight below average at presentation.

Prevalence of urolithiasis among the Uyghur children of China: a population‐based cross‐sectional study

“…In Turkey, the prevalence of urolithiasis was 1% in school children aged 6–15 years . In the USA, urolithiasis was found to be 1 per 7600 to 1 per 1000 paediatric hospital admissions from 1950 to 1990 , whilst it was 1.6 per 1000 paediatric admissions and 4.3% of paediatric nephrology admissions in Chile . In Venezuela, urolithiasis contributed to 7% of general outpatient consultations of all paediatric hospitalisations in 1998 .…”

“…The prevalence of paediatric urolithiasis varies between different countries around the world . In Turkey, the prevalence of urolithiasis was 1% in school children aged 6–15 years .…”

“…Children with stone sizes >6 mm require surgical intervention . The prevalence of paediatric urolithiasis varies remarkably between geographical regions and countries . In both developed and developing countries, the incidence and hospitalisation rates of paediatric urolithiasis have increased rapidly over the past few decades .…”

Urolithiasis Frequency and Risk Factors in Home Ventilated Patients with Tracheostomy

“…[1][2][3] Taş açısından metabolik olarak değerlendirilen bebeklerde uygun tedbirlerin alınması ve tıbbi tedavi ile taş boyutunun büyümesi ve böbrek üzerine olan olumsuz etkiler önlenebilir. 4 Yenidoğan ve çocuk yoğun bakım birimlerinin gelişmesi ve yaygınlaşması ile kompleks hastalıkların tedavi edilebilir olması ventilatör bağımlı çocuk hastaların sayısında artışa neden olmuştur.…”

Applicability of percutaneous nephrolithotomy operation in a county State Hospital

“…Urinary system stone disease is encountered at a rate of 4-20 % in developed countries [1][2][3][4]. Our country is in the endemic zone for stone disease with an incidence rate of 15 percent [5,6].…”