Functional characterization of thiolase-encoding genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and their effects on carotenoid synthesis

Werner, Nicole; Gómez, Melissa; Baeza, Marcelo; Cifuentes, Víctor; Alcaı́no, Jennifer

doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0893-2

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Then, HMG-CoA produces mevalonic acid (MVA), the first ancestor of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway. The following steps include two sequential phosphorylation reactions performed by mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase, and the final step is phosphomevalonate decarboxylase catalyzed decarboxylation to produce isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, or isopentenyl diphosphate, IDP) (Mata-Gomez et al, 2014;Werner et al, 2016). IPP is isomerized to dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP).…”

Section: Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Yeast need not be used only in beer production. I. The carotenoid astaxanthin produced by yeast.

Řezanka

Palyzová

2020

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Carotenoids are produced by photosynthesizing organisms, i.e. plants and algae, as well as some bacteria, protists and fungi. Their role lies mainly in the function of complementary photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants. Carotenoids are distinguished according to their structure into carotenoids of the hydrocarbon type, e.g. α-, β- and γ-carotene and oxygen derivatives – xanthophylls, among which astaxanthin, which excels in its antioxidant and nutraceutical properties, is the most important. It is used as a dietary supplement both in human nutrition and in the aquaculture and poultry industry, as a nutritional supplement in salmonid and hen farming. Many works have focused on the search for natural sources of astaxanthin as an alternative to synthetic astaxanthin. In nature, very few astaxanthin producing organisms are known in non-minor amounts, with green alga Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (anamorph Phaffia rhodozyma) being the most promising microorganisms for the biotechnological production of this xanthophyll. In this review we focus on the biosynthesis and carotenogenesis including the regulation mechanisms, generation of hyperproducing mutants by random mutagenesis and, last but not least, also metabolic engineering (genetic techniques). Attention is also paid to the optimization of fermentation conditions.

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Section: Biosynthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Yeast need not be used only in beer production. I. The carotenoid astaxanthin produced by yeast.

Řezanka

Palyzová

2020

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“…The following steps include two sequential phosphorylation reactions performed by the enzymes mevalonate kinase and phosphomevalonate kinase, respectively, and a final decarboxylation step catalyzed by phosphomevalonate decarboxylase to produce IPP [1,20].…”

Section: Microbiological Synthesis Of Astaxanthinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As in other eukaryotes, the synthesis of carotenoids in X. dendrorhous derives from the MVA pathway. MVA is formed by the condensation of three molecules of acetyl-CoA [31], followed by two phosphorylation reactions by two different kinases and one decarboxylation, giving rise to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP, C 5 ), which is the building block of all isoprenoids [5,20,31]. IPP is isomerized to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by the IPP isomerase, encoded by the idi gene [32].…”

Section: Astaxanthin Biosynthesis In X Dendrorhousmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, non-fermentable carbon sources, such as ethanol and succinate, are metabolized through acetyl-CoA oxidation entering directly to the citric acid cycle. In general, non-fermentable carbon sources as ethanol, enhance the synthesis of carotenoid pigments in X. dendrorhous [1,16,17] and a relation between carotenoid production and ergosterol and fatty acid synthesis have been reported, since these pathways use the same substrates that derive from the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway [18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microbiological Synthesis of Carotenoids: Pathways and Regulation

Córdova¹,

Baeza²,

Cifuentes³

et al. 2018

Progress in Carotenoid Research

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Carotenoids are naturally produced by plants, algae, and some bacteria and fungi, fulfilling functions as accessory photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants. Among carotenoids, the xanthophyll astaxanthin stands out for its antioxidant and nutraceutical properties, which are beneficial to human health, and also for its use in the aquaculture industry as nutritional supplement of salmonid fish. Many studies have focused on the search of natural sources of astaxanthin as an alternative production that guarantees the beneficial properties of this compound. In nature, few astaxanthin-producing organisms are known, being the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous the most promising microbiological systems for the biotechnological production of this carotenoid. In this chapter, we describe the carotenogenic pathways in these microorganisms and the proposed carotenogenesis regulation mechanisms. As an example, the influence of the carbon source, the regulation by catabolic repression and by sterols in the carotenogenesis in the yeast X. dendrorhous is described.

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“…dendrorhous (Werner et al, 2016). The transcription level of ERG10A (encodes a thiolase involved in the mevalonate pathway) did not show any significant changes after the addition of glucose.…”

Section: Effect Of Cultivation Time On the Transcription Of M Circinmentioning

confidence: 97%

Functional characterization of the mevalonate-isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes in Mucor circinelloides

Kumar¹

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Alvarez et al., 2009). In addition, species of Rhizomucor, Apophysomyces, Saksenaea, Cunninghamella, Cokeromyces, and Syncephalastrum have also been described as caustaive agents of mucormycosis, but less cases have been reported (Gomes et al., 2011). Five major forms of mucormycosis occur, including rhino-orbito-cerebral, pulmonary, disseminated, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal, while species of Entomophthoromycotina generally cause locally manifested-cutaneous and subcutaneousand slowly progressive infections (Prabhu and Patel, 2004; Pfaller and Diekema, 2005). An increase in the number of mucormycosis has been observed in the last few decades, mainly because of the modern surgical interventions, immunosuppressive therapies and irresponsible use of antimicrobial agents (Ribes et al., 2000; Chayakulkeeree, et al., 2006; Ibrahim et al., 2012). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA (CDC, 2015) the overall mortality rate of mucormycosis found to be 54%. It was 46% among people with sinus infections, 76% for pulmonary infections, and 96% for disseminated mucormycosis (CDC, 2015). The most vulnerable group of these infections are immunocompromised patients, the major risk factors include neutropenia, cancer, corticosteroid treatment, diabetes mellitus in ketoacidosis, deferoxamine treatment, organ transplantation, and burn injury (Sugar, 2000; Sugar and Liu, 2000; Prabhu and Patel, 2004; Ibrahim et al., 2008). Phagocytes-primarily macrophages and neutrophils-have the most important role in host immune defence against fungi causing mucormycosis, thus longer neutropenia is one of the major risk for developing infection (Ibrahim et al, 2012; Morace and Borghi, 2012). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages play important role in defence against these fungi, because inhalation of the sporangiospores is one of the most common way of infection (van de Veerdonk et al., 2010). 3.3. Antifungal agents applied in clinics to treat fungal infections Only few antimycotic drugs were reported which are able to kill the Mucoromycotina fungi, whereas others merely only inhibit the growth of pathogens. The proper antifungal therapy and selection of drug should be based on several criteria, such as immune capability of the host, site of infection, characteristics of the infection (the fungal species and its susceptibility to different antifungal drugs), and pharmacokinetic characteristics of the antifungal drug (e.g., absorption, elimination, and toxicity) (Lepak et al., 2015). Mucorales are mostly resistant against widely used antifungal drugs used in clinics (such as against different azoles and echinocandins), thus generally, antifungal therapy need to be combined with surgical debridement of the necrotic regions.

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Functional characterization of thiolase-encoding genes from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and their effects on carotenoid synthesis

Cited by 9 publications

References 38 publications

Yeast need not be used only in beer production. I. The carotenoid astaxanthin produced by yeast.

Yeast need not be used only in beer production. I. The carotenoid astaxanthin produced by yeast.

Microbiological Synthesis of Carotenoids: Pathways and Regulation

Functional characterization of the mevalonate-isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway genes in Mucor circinelloides

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