The research and development on the antioxidants in prevention of diabetic complications

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. Microvascular and macrovascular disorders are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia can increase the indicators of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in which free radicals have the main role in the pathogenesis of these complications. Therefore, antioxidants which combat oxidative stress should be able to prevent and repair free radicals induced damages. Although free radicals contribute to kidney damage, atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart disease, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity; however, clinical trials do not uniquely confirm a substantial impact on diabetic damage. It seems that antioxidants in vegetables, fruits and grains help preventing diabetes complications; however, there is little evidence that taking single antioxidants such as vitamin E or vitamin C protect these complications. The findings about combination antioxidants are also complicated and not entirely clear. In this review paper we tried to present the role of oxidative stress on micro-vascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Other objective of this paper is to review the new findings about the role of various antioxidants on prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus as well as its complications including retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy.

No effect of ascorbate on cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in older men and those with type 2 diabetes exercising in the heat

“…) and diabetic complications (Rahimi‐Madiseh et al. ) are relatively minor; a response comparable to that observed on skin vessels in the present study. It should be noted that we employed individuals with well‐controlled type 2 diabetes without the presence of peripheral neuropathy or other diabetic complications.…”

“…1B, Table 2). Although ascorbate may be effective in improving vasodilation response in forearm conduit artery in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Montero et al 2014), its influence on markers of oxidative stress (Rytter et al 2010) and diabetic complications (Rahimi-Madiseh et al 2016) are relatively minor; a response comparable to that observed on skin vessels in the present study. It should be noted that we employed individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes without the presence of peripheral neuropathy or other diabetic complications.…”

The ameliorative effect of black soybean and purple sweet potato to improve sperm quality through suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat (Rattus novergicus)

“…In hyperglycaemia conditions, the production of ROS will increase. In contrast, the production of antioxidant content will decrease under this condition 8 . The increasing production of ROS will increase oxidative stress and tissue damage and has the potential to decrease the sperm quality and function 9 .…”

Effects of Ceramide Accumulation in Cardiomyocytes Derived from human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Mitochondrial Function and Mitophagy

“…However, the mitochondrial complex I antioxidant, rotenone inhibitor, did not show a signi cant effect on reducing superoxide production, indicating the ceramide-PP2A pathway acts upstream of oxidative stress. Consistent with this result, the e cacy of antioxidant treatment has not been repeated in diabetic patients until now [42,43]. The inconsistency between clinical trials and animal experiments could result from the types of antioxidants used or the heterogeneity of patient populations [44][45][46][47].…”