Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses in Humans, Guangdong, China, 2015

Shen, Yongyi; Ke, Changwen; Li, Qian; Yuan, Runyu; Xiang, Dan; Jia, Weixin; Yu, Yun-Di; Liu, Lu; Huang, Chi‐Chun; Qi, Wenbao; Sikkema, Reina S.; Wu, Jie; Koopmans, Marion; Liao, Ming

doi:10.3201/eid2208.160146

Cited by 89 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Nevertheless, novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 virus causes lethal human infection (SHEN et al, 2016). It was pragmatic therefore to sequence the entire genome of all three recent isolates of the H5N5 reassortant virus to identify the origin of the virus and to identify eventual mutations that might influence viral phenotypic characteristics which may indicate adaptation to mammalian species or alter susceptibility to antiviral drugs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

Savić

2017

Vet. arhiv

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) causes flock mortality as high as 100% in susceptible poultry species but it also poses a threat for humans, particularly viruses of A/goose/Guangdong/96-like (GD/96) lineage. The emergence of novel HPAI viruses in migratory birds is of concern because of the potential for virus spread during migration. In late 2016, novel GD/96 reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 group B avian influenza H5N5 virus was detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in Croatia, concurrently with numerous detections of H5N8 virus of the same clade and group. Sequencing of the full genome of the H5N8 index case isolate (October 2016) and of all three H5N5 isolates (December 2016 -March 2017) has shown that the novel H5N5 reassortant virus most likely emerged as a result of complex reassortment process in Asia from HPAI H5N8 viruses after the later viruses have became established in wild bird population. Concurrent findings of both, H5N5 and H5N8 viruses, at the same locations in Croatia indicate that the H5N5 reassortant virus was introduced from Asia as a subpopulation of H5N8 viruses by the same wild bird flyways. Although the novel H5N5 reassortant virus possesses haemagglutinin of the GD/96 lineage, the virus genome has typical avian virus traits. Apart from mutations T215A in M1 protein and P42S in NS1 protein which are associated to increased virulence in mice, none of the mutations related to increased affinity to human-type (α-2,6) receptors and mammalian host adaptation were found. Nevertheless, the virus poses a serious threat to the poultry industry since high pathogenicity for gallinaceous birds was confirmed by high intravenous pathogenicity index (2.87).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

Savić

2017

Vet. arhiv

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“…Recently, with more H5N6 genomes sequenced, it has become clear that the gene segments of these viruses derived from a variety of AIV subtypes. Specifically, the PB2 gene of some H5N6 AIVs derived from that of H6N6 viruses, while the PB1 gene originated in H3 subtype viruses (9); a novel H5N6 virus isolated from migratory waterfowl possessed a hemagglutinin (HA) gene that was related to that of H5N2 viruses (10); the internal genes of viruses isolated from two human cases in 2015 derived from H7N9/H9N2 viruses in chickens (11); human infections in Guangdong Province, China, in 2015 were due to a newly emerged H5N6 virus that was a reassortant between H6N6 and H9N2 viruses (12); and a human-associated H5N6 (clade 2.3.3.4) virus sampled in China during 2014 to 2015 was a triple reassortant derived from H6N6, H5N1 (clade 2.3.1.1), and H5N6 (2.3.4.4) viruses (13). In addition, a recent study of multiple live poultry markets (LPMs) in southern China revealed that the HA gene of H5N6 viruses derived from clade 2.3.4.4, the NA gene derived from H6N6 viruses, and all six internal gene segments had their origins in clades 2.3.4.4 and 2.3.2.1 of H9N2/H7N9 viruses (14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Evolution and Emergence of H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus in Central China

Chen

Yang

et al. 2017

J Virol

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H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) has posed a potential threat to public health since its emergence in China in 2013. To understand the evolution and emergence of H5N6 AIV in the avian population, we performed molecular surveillance of live poultry markets (LPMs) in Wugang Prefecture, Hunan Province, in central China, during 2014 and 2015. Wugang Prefecture is located on the Eastern Asian-Australian migratory bird flyway, and a human death due to an H5N6 virus was reported in the prefecture on 21 November 2016. In total, we sampled and sequenced the complete genomes of 175 H5N6 AIVs. Notably, our analysis revealed that H5N6 AIVs contain at least six genotypes arising from segment reassortment, including a rare variant that possesses an HA gene derived from H5N1 clade 2.3.2 and a novel NP gene that has its origins with H7N3 viruses. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetically similar H5N6 AIVs tend to cluster according to their geographic regions of origin. These results help to reveal the evolutionary behavior of influenza viruses prior to their emergence in humans.IMPORTANCE The newly emerged H5N6 influenza A virus has caused more than 10 human deaths in China since 2013. In November 2016, a human death due to an H5N6 virus, in Wugang Prefecture, Hunan Province, was confirmed by the WHO. To better understand the evolution and emergence of H5N6 viruses, we surveyed live poultry markets (LPMs) in Wugang Prefecture before the reported human death, with a focus on revealing the diversity and genomic origins of H5N6 in birds during 2014 and 2015. In general, H5N6 viruses in this region were most closely related to H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4, with the exception of one virus with an HA gene derived from clade 2.3.2 such that it represents a novel reassortant. Clearly, the ongoing surveillance of LPMs is central to monitoring the emergence of pathogenic influenza viruses.

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“…Although the potential virulence mutations are described on the basis of previous studies in animals, the pathogenesis in humans remains unknown. Because the continue evolution of H5N6 viruses in human and poultry (Yuan et al, 2016), patients they had recent history of direct contact with poultry, and drug resistance mutation have been detected in viruses isolated from both human and poultry (Shen et al, 2016), the potential for infection, outbreaks, and pandemic in humans should be closely monitored.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel H7N2 and H5N6 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Sentinel Chickens: A Sentinel Chicken Surveillance Study

et al. 2016

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In 2014, a sentinel chicken surveillance for avian influenza viruses was conducted in aquatic bird habitat near Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. Two H7N2, one H5N6, and two H9N2 viruses were isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that the H7N2 virus is a novel reassortant of H7N9 and H9N2 viruses and H5N6 virus is a reassortant of H5N1 clade 2.3.4 and H6N6 viruses. Substitutions V186 and L226 (H3 numbering) in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene protein was found in two H7N2 viruses but not in the H5N6 virus. Two A138 and A160 mutations were identified in the HA gene protein of all three viruses but a P128 mutation was only observed in the H5N6 virus. A deletion of 3 and 11 amino acids in the neuraminidase stalk region was found in two H7N2 and H5N6 viruses, respectively. Moreover, a mutation of N31 in M2 protein was observed in both two H7N2 viruses. High similarity of these isolated viruses to viruses previously identified among poultry and humans, suggests that peridomestic aquatic birds may play a role in sustaining novel virus transmission. Therefore, continued surveillance is needed to monitor these avian influenza viruses in wild bird and domestic poultry that may pose a threat to poultry and human health.

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Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses in Humans, Guangdong, China, 2015

Cited by 89 publications

References 7 publications

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

Novel reassortant clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza A(H5N5) virus in wild birds and poultry, Croatia, 2016-2017

Molecular Evolution and Emergence of H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus in Central China

Novel H7N2 and H5N6 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Sentinel Chickens: A Sentinel Chicken Surveillance Study

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