Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B‐Cell Activation Marker in Infants

Miklavcic, John; Larsen, Bodil; Mazurak, Vera C.; Scalabrin, Deolinda; MacDonald, Ian M.; Shoemaker, Glen K.; Casey, Linda; Aerde, John E. Van; Clandinin, Michael T.

doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001283

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Increasing the supplemented dose of preformed LCPUFAs may compensate for the effect of FADS minor alleles. According to Miklavcic et al, increasing the formula supplementation to AA 34 mg/100 kcal and DHA 17 mg/100 kcal prevents the reduction in AA by minor alleles [53]. However, in our study, the EF group received a supplementation of 23.2 mg/100 kcal of AA and 15.5 mg/100 kcal of DHA, which could be a reason for their suggested high SNP influence.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

The Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with AA and DHA on Fatty Acid Levels of Infants with Different FADS Genotypes: The COGNIS Study

et al. 2019

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Polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes influence the arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acid concentrations (crucial in early life). Infants with specific genotypes may require different amounts of these fatty acids (FAs) to maintain an adequate status. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an infant formula supplemented with AA and DHA on FAs of infants with different FADS genotypes. In total, 176 infants from the COGNIS study were randomly allocated to the Standard Formula (SF; n = 61) or the Experimental Formula (EF; n = 70) group, the latter supplemented with AA and DHA. Breastfed infants were added as a reference group (BF; n = 45). FAs and FADS polymorphisms were analyzed from cheek cells collected at 3 months of age. FADS minor allele carriership in formula fed infants, especially those supplemented, was associated with a declined desaturase activity and lower AA and DHA levels. Breastfed infants were not affected, possibly to the high content of AA and DHA in breast milk. The supplementation increased AA and DHA levels, but mostly in major allele carriers. In conclusion, infant FADS genotype could contribute to narrow the gap of AA and DHA concentrations between breastfed and formula fed infants.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

The Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with AA and DHA on Fatty Acid Levels of Infants with Different FADS Genotypes: The COGNIS Study

et al. 2019

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“…Connections between AA signalling and plasma cell function outside of CF are still being defined, but studies suggest that the activation or downregulation of B cells depends on the specific AA metabolites involved 56 57. Dietary AA intake may also play a key role in B cell activation in infants 58. Several genes related to interferon signalling were also altered with SHSe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Secondhand smoke alters arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammation in infants and children with cystic fibrosis

Kopp

Thompson

Kim

et al. 2019

Thorax

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BackgroundMechanisms that facilitate early infection and inflammation in cystic fibrosis (CF) are unclear. We previously demonstrated that children with CF and parental-reported secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) have increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. SHSe hinders arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites that mediate immune function in patients without CF, and may influence CF immune dysfunction. We aimed to define SHSe’s impact on inflammation mediators and infection in children with CF.MethodsSeventy-seven children with CF <10 years of age (35 infants <1 year; 42 children 1–10 years) were enrolled and hair nicotine concentrations measured as an objective surrogate of SHSe. AA signalling by serum and macrophage lipidomics, inflammation using blood transcriptional profiles and in vitro macrophage responses to bacterial infection after SHSe were assessed.ResultsHair nicotine concentrations were elevated in 63% of patients. Of the AA metabolites measured by plasma lipidomics, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) concentrations were decreased in children with CF exposed to SHSe, and associated with more frequent hospitalisations (p=0.007) and worsened weight z scores (p=0.008). Children with CF exposed to SHSe demonstrated decreased expression of the prostaglandin genes PTGES3 and PTGR2 and overexpression of inflammatory pathways. These findings were confirmed using an in vitro model, where SHSe was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in PGD2 and increased methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus survival in human CF macrophages.ConclusionsInfants and young children with CF and SHSe have altered AA metabolism and dysregulated inflammatory gene expression resulting in impaired bacterial clearance. Our findings identified potential therapeutic targets to halt early disease progression associated with SHSe in the young population with CF.

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“…Fourth, the definition of EFA depends on the organisms as well as their growth phase. For example, arachidonate (ARA, present in both N. salina and D. salina in this study) is not defined as an EFA for the prawn P. monodon , but ARA seems to be an EFA for human infants because it may exert an immunoregulatory role on B‐cell activation (Miklavcic et al, ). Finally, when defining all the EFAs is difficult, linoleate and linolenate (both present in N. salina and D. salina in this study) can provide the minimum requirements for EFAs because they can be converted to all subsequent PUFAs in their respective families (Cunnane, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…salina and D. salina in this study) is not defined as an EFA for the prawn P. monodon, but ARA seems to be an EFA for human infants because it may exert an immunoregulatory role on B-cell activation(Miklavcic et al, 2017). salina and D. salina in this study) is not defined as an EFA for the prawn P. monodon, but ARA seems to be an EFA for human infants because it may exert an immunoregulatory role on B-cell activation(Miklavcic et al, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Nutritional evaluation of two marine microalgae as feedstock for aquafeed

Chen

Wang

2019

Aquac Res

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Using microalgae for animal nutrition provides an economically viable route for microalgae-based technological innovation, especially in combination with CO 2 fixation given current global warming. However, this technology still lacks sufficient evaluation for screening microalgae for specific animals; meanwhile, current studies show some prejudice regarding 'essential' or 'non-essential' ingredients. The results show that Dunaliella salina and Nannochloropsis salina were able to accumulate high protein (30%-57%) and lipid (20%-46%) content without affecting the performance of CO 2 fixation, which reached 0.28 and 0.23 g L −1 day −1 respectively. Both species exhibited high quality of lipids and proteins for Penaeus monodon based on the profiling. The essential fatty acid indexes (EFAI) for N. salina and D. salina were 3.81 and 9.02 respectively. Butyric acid was found to be present in both D. salina (12.03%) and N. salina (4.87%) based on the total fatty acids (FAs). The essential amino acid indexes (EAAI) for D. salina and N. salina were 2.23 and 1.29 respectively. Arginine was the most abundant essential amino acid (EAA) in both D. salina (10.83%) and N. salina (13.35%) on the basis of total amino acids (AAs). This study comprehensively compares the nutritional quality of the two commercial marine microalgae of D. salina and N. salinawith the potential to be used as sustainable sources of lipids and proteins to reduce or even replace the traditional fish oil and fish meal in aquafeeds. K E Y W O R D Samino acid, aquafeed, fatty acid, lipid, microalgae, protein | 947 CHEN Et al.

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Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B‐Cell Activation Marker in Infants

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

The Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with AA and DHA on Fatty Acid Levels of Infants with Different FADS Genotypes: The COGNIS Study

The Effect of an Infant Formula Supplemented with AA and DHA on Fatty Acid Levels of Infants with Different FADS Genotypes: The COGNIS Study

Secondhand smoke alters arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammation in infants and children with cystic fibrosis

Nutritional evaluation of two marine microalgae as feedstock for aquafeed

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