Vertically Aligned Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Carpet Electrodes: Highly Sensitive Interfaces for the Analysis of Serum from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Abstract:The number of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide. The development of noninvasive tests that are rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple would allow preventing patient discomfort, delay in diagnosis, and the follow-up of the status of the disease. Herein, we show the interest of vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (VA-NCNT) electrodes for the required sensitive electrochemical detection of lysozyme in serum, a protein that is up-regulated in IBD. To ach… Show more
“…Among others, recent approaches based on nanomaterials, such as graphene [105] or nanoceria [106], show promising potentialities; (iv) Validation of novel aptasensors in comparison with methods currently used in clinical and analytical laboratories, such as ELISA and HPLC. So far, only three studies reported comparative results obtained with the aptasensor and by classical methods [73,78,91]. In the particular case of lysozyme, a comparison with other methods should be made with caution, since some methods measure the amount of enzymatically-active lysozyme, while others determine the total amount of protein.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent developments in biosensing research illustrate the applications of aptasensors for the dual detection of lysozyme and other important analytes, such as adenosine [95], thrombin [89,94] and interferon gamma [90]. The usefulness of aptasensors for serum analysis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was recently demonstrated [73]. Consequently, new studies focused on the parallel analysis and correlations between disease biomarkers and lysozyme levels in biological samples are expected to boost research efforts tapping into the applicative potential of electrochemical aptasensing of lysozyme in the biomedical field.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For clinical applications [73], testing the performance of the different sensors on real samples is of ultimate necessity. Approximately half of the electrochemical aptasensors for lysozyme developed so far were applied for real sample analysis (Table 2).…”
Section: Applications Of Current Electrochemical Aptasensors For Lysomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For Strategy (2), an appropriate number of carboxylic functional groups can be introduced on the electrode surface by modification with nanocomposites of graphene oxide-chitosan [61,77], or reduction of diazonium salts of p-aminobenzoic acid on carbon electrodes [44,63], or by attaching vertically-aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (VA-NCNTs) [73]. Rohrbach et al modified screen-printed graphite electrodes with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) containing about 5% carboxylic acid groups [82].…”
Protein analysis and quantification are required daily by thousands of laboratories worldwide for activities ranging from protein characterization to clinical diagnostics. Multiple factors have to be considered when selecting the best detection and quantification assay, including the amount of protein available, its concentration, the presence of interfering molecules, as well as costs and rapidity. This is also the case for lysozyme, a 14.3-kDa protein ubiquitously present in many organisms, that has been identified with a variety of functions: antibacterial activity, a biomarker of several serious medical conditions, a potential allergen in foods or a model of amyloid-type protein aggregation. Since the design of the first lysozyme aptamer in 2001, lysozyme became one of the most intensively-investigated biological target analytes for the design of novel biosensing concepts, particularly with regards to electrochemical aptasensors. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of aptamer-based electrochemical sensing of lysozyme, with emphasis on sensing in serum and real samples.
“…Among others, recent approaches based on nanomaterials, such as graphene [105] or nanoceria [106], show promising potentialities; (iv) Validation of novel aptasensors in comparison with methods currently used in clinical and analytical laboratories, such as ELISA and HPLC. So far, only three studies reported comparative results obtained with the aptasensor and by classical methods [73,78,91]. In the particular case of lysozyme, a comparison with other methods should be made with caution, since some methods measure the amount of enzymatically-active lysozyme, while others determine the total amount of protein.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Recent developments in biosensing research illustrate the applications of aptasensors for the dual detection of lysozyme and other important analytes, such as adenosine [95], thrombin [89,94] and interferon gamma [90]. The usefulness of aptasensors for serum analysis of patients with inflammatory bowel disease was recently demonstrated [73]. Consequently, new studies focused on the parallel analysis and correlations between disease biomarkers and lysozyme levels in biological samples are expected to boost research efforts tapping into the applicative potential of electrochemical aptasensing of lysozyme in the biomedical field.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For clinical applications [73], testing the performance of the different sensors on real samples is of ultimate necessity. Approximately half of the electrochemical aptasensors for lysozyme developed so far were applied for real sample analysis (Table 2).…”
Section: Applications Of Current Electrochemical Aptasensors For Lysomentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For Strategy (2), an appropriate number of carboxylic functional groups can be introduced on the electrode surface by modification with nanocomposites of graphene oxide-chitosan [61,77], or reduction of diazonium salts of p-aminobenzoic acid on carbon electrodes [44,63], or by attaching vertically-aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (VA-NCNTs) [73]. Rohrbach et al modified screen-printed graphite electrodes with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) containing about 5% carboxylic acid groups [82].…”
Protein analysis and quantification are required daily by thousands of laboratories worldwide for activities ranging from protein characterization to clinical diagnostics. Multiple factors have to be considered when selecting the best detection and quantification assay, including the amount of protein available, its concentration, the presence of interfering molecules, as well as costs and rapidity. This is also the case for lysozyme, a 14.3-kDa protein ubiquitously present in many organisms, that has been identified with a variety of functions: antibacterial activity, a biomarker of several serious medical conditions, a potential allergen in foods or a model of amyloid-type protein aggregation. Since the design of the first lysozyme aptamer in 2001, lysozyme became one of the most intensively-investigated biological target analytes for the design of novel biosensing concepts, particularly with regards to electrochemical aptasensors. In this review, we discuss the state of the art of aptamer-based electrochemical sensing of lysozyme, with emphasis on sensing in serum and real samples.
“…For improved performance, controlled deposition of CNTs was pursued by growing the CNTs on electrode surface and vertical alignment in CNTs nanocarpets. Doping of CNTs was further reported to enhance the analytical characteristics of obtained electrochemical aptasensors . The synthesis, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes in electrochemical sensing have been detailed in several reviews .…”
Electrochemical aptasensors appear as promising tools in food analysis, able to provide sensitive, fast and cost-effective analysis, with the added advantage of portability. Carbon nanomaterials and in particular carbon nanotubes and graphene are among the nanomaterials most often used to build electrochemical aptasensors due to their good electrical conductivity, large surface area and multiple functionalisation possibilities. This review aims to give an overview of the types of carbon nanomaterials and their composites which have been used to enhance the performance of electrochemical aptasensors. Examples are detailed for the biosensors which were tested with real food samples. In these aptasensors, carbon nanomaterials have played different roles, from facilitating the immobilization of high amounts of aptamer and enhancing the electroactive area of the sensors to roles as nanocarrier for signaling probes in amplification schemes or even as electroactive probes generating the output signal. The survey of recent literature shows a positive evolution towards increased aptasensor testing with food samples. However, many challenges remain related to the better characterization of nanomaterials used, clarifying the roles of specific components in multi-component nanocomposites and widening the types of food matrices and analytes tested with the aptasensors. Although we are still far from knowing when these novel tools will replace classic analytical methods in food analysis, carbon nanomaterials will certainly continue to play an important role in the design of future electrochemical aptasensors for food analysis.
In the last decade, graphene‐based nanomaterials and carbon dots have joined the family of carbon materials mainly composed of graphite, diamond, fullerene, and carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanomaterials have been widely exploited in various fields from electronics and materials science to nanomedicine. The studies on their effect on the immune system have revealed that they possess intrinsic anti‐inflammatory properties, reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and modulating immune cell maturation. In addition, their large specific surface area associated with high biocompatibility allows their use as carriers for the delivery of anti‐inflammatory agents. They can also contribute to the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases as biosensors for low‐limit detection and quantification of inflammation‐related biomarkers in body fluids and tissues allowing to monitor the concentration of drugs in urine and guide personalized drug usage. Finally, they are used as adsorbents for blood plasma purification in the clinical treatment of sepsis through efficient removal of certain cytokines. This review focuses on the intrinsic anti‐inflammatory properties of carbon nanomaterials. An overview is provided on their use as carriers of anti‐inflammatory drugs, as biosensors, and for blood purification in the context of inflammatory diseases. The potential of carbon nanomaterials for clinical translation is also critically discussed.
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