Dietary sodium intake and overweight and obesity in children and adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Grimes, Carley; Bolhuis, Dieuwerke P.; He, Feng J; Nowson, Caryl

doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0175-3

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…One likely possibility is that the obese eat more food and thus incidentally consume more salt. Another is that foods that are likely to promote obesity (i.e., high-fat and high-energy foods) are incidentally high in salt [4,46]. In summary, our findings do not support the hypothesis that salt causes obesity by increasing the ingestion of sugar-sweetened beverages.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

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Test of the hypothesis that eating high-salt food leads to obesity by stimulating sugar-solution consumption

Bell¹,

Ellis²,

Tordoff³

2020

Preprint

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High salt intake has been linked to obesity in humans and rodents, although the direction of causation and underlying mechanisms are unclear. One hypothesis suggests that consuming salt stimulates thirst, which is assuaged by drinking sugar-sweetened beverages, leading to excess energy intake and thus obesity. We attempted to test this hypothesis using a mouse model. Adult male C57BL/6J mice ate semi-synthetic diets with either low (0.56 g Na+/kg diet) or high (5.62 g Na+/kg diet) salt content for 8 weeks. Half the mice fed each diet could drink water; the other half could drink both water and a 16% sucrose solution. Mice fed the high-salt diet with water to drink ingested ~25% more water than did those fed the low-salt diet with water to drink, demonstrating that salt stimulated thirst. However, there was no influence of dietary salt on water or sucrose intake in the groups with access to both water and sucrose. This was probably because sucrose intakes were near-maximal in both groups; mice apparently do not require salt to encourage them to drink sucrose. Dietary salt level had no effect on body weight. Relative to mice that drank only water, those that drank sucrose had a net increase in energy intake but, surprisingly, gained less body weight, perhaps because they consumed too little protein to thrive. In sum, our results do not support the hypothesis that salt increases sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, leading to obesity; however, the simple mouse model used here may not provide a competent test of this hypothesis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 89%

“…There is strong epidemiological evidence for a positive association between salt consumption and body weight [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Salt is an ingredient of many high-fat and highenergy dense foods, so salt consumption may merely be incidental to the consumption of other ingredients that render individuals obese [7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test of the hypothesis that eating high-salt food leads to obesity by stimulating sugar-solution consumption

Bell¹,

Ellis²,

Tordoff³

2020

Preprint

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“…To perform a meta-analysis, a minimum of two studies will be required. 57 Stata V.12 software will be used for meta-analysis. Dichotomous data will be analysed using the risk ratio measure with its 95% CIs, whereas continuous outcomes will be analysed using mean difference or standardised mean difference, both with their 95% CIs.…”

Section: Search Methods For Identification Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor control exercise for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2016

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IntroductionLumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common condition in adults and can impose a heavy burden on both the individual and society. It is defined as displacement of disc components beyond the intervertebral disc space. Various conservative treatments have been recommended for the treatment of LDH and physical therapy plays a major role in the management of patients. Therapeutic exercise is effective for relieving pain and improving function in individuals with symptomatic LDH. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of motor control exercise (MCE) for symptomatic LDH.Methods and analysisWe will include all clinical trial studies with a concurrent control group which evaluated the effect of MCEs in patients with symptomatic LDH. We will search PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, CENTRAL and EMBASE with no restriction of language. Primary outcomes of this systematic review are pain intensity and functional disability and secondary outcomes are functional tests, muscle thickness, quality of life, return to work, muscle endurance and adverse events. Study selection and data extraction will be performed by two independent reviewers. The assessment of risk of bias will be implemented using the PEDro scale. Publication bias will be assessed by funnel plots, Begg's and Egger's tests. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the I2 statistic and the χ2 test. In addition, subgroup analyses will be conducted for population and the secondary outcomes. All meta-analyses will be performed using Stata V.12 software.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical concerns are predicted. The systematic review findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will also be presented at national/international academic and clinical conferences.Trial registration numberCRD42016038166.

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“…Many studies have reported that salt intake is strongly related to obesity in humans 36,37 and mice 38 . In this study, 1% NaCl intake increased the mouse body weight, but CNS intake decreased the same, and these results are similar to our previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Park

Yang

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Sodium is an essential component of the human body, with known influences on obesity. This paper reports the effect of cube natural sea salt (CNS) on the reduction of obesity in high fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by ameliorating the obesity parameters and obesityrelated gene mechanisms. The suppression of high fat diet-induced obesity and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes by sea salt depends on the manufacturing process and mineral content. The manufacturing method using only new sea water (Cube natural sea salt) decreases the magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S) content in the salt with different crystallization and morphologies, compared to the general manufacturing method (Generally manufactured sea salt, GS). Mg in salt is known to considerably affect obesity; an appropriate concentration of magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ) reduces lipid accumulation significantly and regulates the lipogenesis and liver enzyme activity. Our results indicate that sea salt contains an appropriate level of Mg as compared to table salt (purified salt, NaCl), and is important for regulating obesity, as observed in the in vivo and in vitro anti-obesity effects of CNS. The Mg content and mineral ratio of sea salt are important factors that ameliorate the lipid metabolism and liver enzyme activity in high fat diet induced obesity, and contents of Mg in sea salt can be altered by modifying the manufacturing process.Salt is required to maintain homeostasis in the body by regulating the membrane potential, fluid volume, acidbase balance, and nervous system. Globally, many countries predominantly eat purified (iodized), rock, and sea salt. Purified salt (99% sodium chloride, NaCl; generally called table salt) is made from sodium ion (Na + ) and chloride ion (Cl − ) from sea water using an ion exchange membrane electrodialysis process, and is composed of more than 99% NaCl 1 . Sea salt (SS) is crystallized from seawater in salt ponds using sunlight and wind 2 . Unlike purified salt, SS generally contains 92.4~94.4% NaCl and various other minerals, such as potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) 3 . This imparts numerous health functionalities to SS 4-9 and a unique taste 10 as compared to purified salt. In addition, our previous study showed that the crystallization time and evaporating method of seawater are important factors affecting the quality, mineral composition, taste, and health functions of SS.High salt consumption has synergistic effects in western diet-induced metabolic diseases 11 . In Europe and Northern America, most people eat processed foods (added high salt content using purified salt) compared to home cooked foods (as high as 75% in USA and UK) 12 . Moreover, high-income English-speaking countries have the highest rate of obesity in the world 13 . In addition, beverage consumption has increased the obesity risk 14,15 because of their salt (purified salt) and sucrose content. Overall, one possible reason for obesity is the high intake level of purified salt 16 , which is cheaper than ...

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Dietary sodium intake and overweight and obesity in children and adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Test of the hypothesis that eating high-salt food leads to obesity by stimulating sugar-solution consumption

Test of the hypothesis that eating high-salt food leads to obesity by stimulating sugar-solution consumption

Motor control exercise for symptomatic lumbar disc herniation: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cube natural sea salt ameliorates obesity in high fat diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes

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