Abstract:An analysis program for near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) spectra has been developed and implemented at the soft X-ray beamline of the Australian Synchrotron. The program allows for instant viewing of corrected data channels including normalizations to a standard, double normalizations when the standard itself has an undesired spectral response, and background subtraction. The program performs simple compositional analysis and peak fitting and includes rapid common calculations such as the ave… Show more
“…Peak fitting and tilt angle calculations were done using the Quick AS NEXAFS Tool. 67 All tilt angles are calculated from a peak fit of structure at lower energies than 286 eV, which is in the π* manifold, corresponding to transition dipole moments normal to the face of a conjugated core, along the direction of the carbon π orbitals. Thus a tilt angle of 90° indicates that every TDM is perfectly in-plane, and so all the conjugated faces are oriented perfectly edge-on to the substrate, while a tilt angle of 0° indicates perfectly face-on orientation.…”
Recent demonstrations of inverted thermal activation of charge mobility in polymer field-effect transistors have excited the interest in transport regimes not limited by thermal barriers. However, rationalization of the limiting factors to access such regimes is still lacking. An improved understanding in this area is critical for development of new materials, establishing processing guidelines, and broadening of the range of applications. Here we show that precise processing of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene-based electron transporting copolymer results in single crystal-like and voltage-independent mobility with vanishing activation energy above 280 K. Key factors are uniaxial chain alignment and thermal annealing at temperatures within the melting endotherm of films. Experimental and computational evidences converge toward a picture of electrons being delocalized within crystalline domains of increased size. Residual energy barriers introduced by disordered regions are bypassed in the direction of molecular alignment by a more efficient interconnection of the ordered domains following the annealing process.
“…Peak fitting and tilt angle calculations were done using the Quick AS NEXAFS Tool. 67 All tilt angles are calculated from a peak fit of structure at lower energies than 286 eV, which is in the π* manifold, corresponding to transition dipole moments normal to the face of a conjugated core, along the direction of the carbon π orbitals. Thus a tilt angle of 90° indicates that every TDM is perfectly in-plane, and so all the conjugated faces are oriented perfectly edge-on to the substrate, while a tilt angle of 0° indicates perfectly face-on orientation.…”
Recent demonstrations of inverted thermal activation of charge mobility in polymer field-effect transistors have excited the interest in transport regimes not limited by thermal barriers. However, rationalization of the limiting factors to access such regimes is still lacking. An improved understanding in this area is critical for development of new materials, establishing processing guidelines, and broadening of the range of applications. Here we show that precise processing of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-tetrafluorobenzene-based electron transporting copolymer results in single crystal-like and voltage-independent mobility with vanishing activation energy above 280 K. Key factors are uniaxial chain alignment and thermal annealing at temperatures within the melting endotherm of films. Experimental and computational evidences converge toward a picture of electrons being delocalized within crystalline domains of increased size. Residual energy barriers introduced by disordered regions are bypassed in the direction of molecular alignment by a more efficient interconnection of the ordered domains following the annealing process.
“…The XANES spectra were recorded at the Ni L‐edge (850–875 eV), Fe L‐edges (700–740 eV) and N K‐edges (395–420 eV). All XANES spectra were processed and normalized using the QANT software program developed at the Australian Synchrotron . X‐ray energy calibrations were achieved by applying the offset required to shift the simultaneously measured reference spectra of iron foil, nickel foil and boronnitride powder to its known energy.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…All XANES spectra were processed and normalized using the QANT software program developed at the Australian Synchrotron. [23] X-ray energy calibrations were achieved by applying the offset required to shift the simultaneously measured reference spectra of iron foil, nickel foil and boronnitride powder to its known energy. Intensities have been normalized with respect to impinging photon flux.…”
Bimetallic atomically dispersed FeNi catalysts anchored on N‐doped carbon nanotube with catalyst loading of 2–7 wt % with different Fe : Ni ratio have been developed as highly active and stable bifunctional catalyst for reversible oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for metal air batteries via a modified one‐pot synthesis method. Compared with atomically dispersed single Fe and Ni catalysts, the bimetallic FeNi catalysts exhibit outstanding performance for reversible OER and ORR, achieving a low potential gap (ΔE) of 0.81 V to deliver an OER current density of 10 mA cm−2 and an ORR current density of 3 mA cm−2. The FeNi electrodes also show a much better stability in the cyclic tests, compared to that of the state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C and Pt/C+Ir/C electrodes for reversible OER and ORR. The high performance is likely due to the significantly enhanced OER activity contributed by the introduction of Ni atoms, forming bridged FeNi bimetallic dual atom active sites for OER. This study provides a new platform for the development of highly active bimetallic atomic catalysts based bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal‐air batteries. The modified one‐pot synthesis methods demonstrated in this study can also be applicable to other atomically dispersed catalysts on CNTs or graphenes.
“…[83] Peak fitting and tilt angle calculations were done using the Quick AS NEXAFS Tool. [84] All tilt angles are calculated from a peak fit of structure at lower energies than 286 eV, which is in the π* manifold, corresponding to transition dipole moments normal to the face of a conjugated core, along the direction of the carbon π orbitals. Thus, a tilt angle of 90° indicates that every TDM is perfectly in plane, and so all the conjugated faces are oriented perfectly edge-on to the substrate, while a tilt angle of 0° indicates perfectly face-on orientation.…”
Section: Field-effect Transistor Fabrication and Characterizationmentioning
Interdependence of chemical structure, thin-film morphology, and transport properties is a key, yet often elusive aspect characterizing the design and development of high-mobility, solution-processed polymers for large-area and flexible electronics applications. There is a specific need to achieve >1 cm 2 V −1 s −1 field-effect mobilities (μ) at low processing temperatures in combination with environmental stability, especially in the case of electron-transporting polymers, which are still lagging behind hole transporting materials. Here, the synthesis of a naphthalene-diimide based donor-acceptor copolymer characterized by a selenophene vinylene selenophene donor moiety is reported. Optimized field-effect transistors show maximum μ of 2.4 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and promising ambient stability. A very marked film structural evolution is revealed with increasing annealing temperature, with evidence of a remarkable 3D crystallinity above 180 °C. Conversely, transport properties are found to be substantially optimized at 150 °C, with limited gain at higher temperature. This discrepancy is rationalized by the presence of a surface-segregated prevalently edge-on packed polymer phase, dominating the device accumulated channel. This study therefore serves the purpose of presenting a promising, high-electron-mobility copolymer that is processable at relatively low temperatures, and of clearly highlighting the necessity of specifically investigating channel morphology in assessing the structure-property nexus in semiconducting polymer thin films.
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