Sex Differences in Patients with Chronic Pain Following Whiplash Injury: The Role of Depression, Fear, Somatization, Social Support, and Personality Traits

Malfliet, Anneleen; Kooning, Margot De; Inghelbrecht, Els; Hachimi-Idrissi, Saı̈d; Willems, Bert; Bernheim, Jan L.; Nijs, Jo

doi:10.1111/papr.12244

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, no significant differences were found depending on age or sex in any of the variables studied. These results coincide with the recent study of Ickmans et al (2017), where no difference was found based on personal factors, and that of Malfliet et al (2015), where no differences were found as a function of sex in psychological variables such as depression, fear, somatization, physical function, physical pain, or general health. As these authors point out, while evidence shows that women have a higher incidence of WAD, these results indicate that their psychosocial profile of the condition is not different from that of men (Malfliet et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

et al. 2021

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In order to make a complete diagnosis of all the factors influencing whiplash associated disorders (WAD), the evidence suggests that the condition evaluation should follow an integrated biopsychosocial model. This perspective would offer a fuller view of it, recognizing the interplay between the medical, biomechanical, social, and psychological factors. Despite the progress made in the subject, evidence of which psychosocial factors influence the experience of pain in litigant WAD patients is limited. A cross-sectional design and a cluster analysis was used to study the experience of pain and the psychosocial factors included therein in 249 patients with WAD assessed after suffering a motor vehicle accident. Three clusters were obtained: C1, with low scores of pain and a slight-moderate alteration of the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL); C2, with medium scores of pain, alteration of HRQoL and a perception of moderate disability; and C3, with medium-high scores of pain, alteration of the HQoL, perception of moderate disability, presence of anxious-depressive symptomatology, poorer comprehension of the condition suffered, and the belief that it will extend over a long period of time. The results show a heterogeneous experience of pain in WAD, compatible with the biopsychosocial model of disease and the multidimensional approach to pain. The role of the psychologist in the evaluation of the condition could be useful to obtain a complete view of the condition, thus ensuring that the treatment is adapted to the needs of the patient.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

et al. 2021

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“…These findings indicate that men did not maintain the psychological improvement that was shown after MMR; instead, there was a tendency that they were slightly more depressed at follow-up. An earlier study investigating gender differences in chronic WAD patients showed small differences in men and women regarding psychosocial factors but found that women reported significantly higher social companionship and emotional support in problem situations [ 7 ]. It is possible that a difference in educational level between the gender groups had an impact, with a smaller proportion of men who had completed university education compared with women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early symptoms are neck pain, headache and dizziness [ 4 ] and additional long-term symptoms often comprise general high pain intensity, anxiety, depression, sleeping problems, functional impairment, decreased work ability and low quality of life [ 3 , 5 ]. Women are at a higher risk of developing such long-term symptoms [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. It is reported that in about 50% of cases, whiplash injuries lead to chronic symptoms of neck pain one year after the injury [ 5 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Year Follow-Up after Multimodal Rehabilitation for Patients with Whiplash-Associated Disorders

Björsenius

Löfgren

Stålnacke

2020

IJERPH

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Long-term symptoms after whiplash injury often comprise neck pain, headache, anxiety, depression, functional impairment and low quality of life. In an observational cohort study, we examined physical and mental health effects in patients with subacute to chronic whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) after participation in a multimodal rehabilitation (MMR) program. MMR is a team-based multi-professional method based on a bio-psycho-social model with a cognitive focus to reach an individualized and common goal for the team and patient together. Standardized self-report questionnaires were filled in three times: before MMR, after MMR, and one year after MMR. A total of 322 participants completed the program, 161 of whom responded in full and were further analyzed. At one-year follow-up after MMR, a significant improvement was seen in the evaluation of the primary outcomes (physical and mental health) and secondary outcomes (anxiety, depression, pain intensity and interference with life). Women improved on all outcomes while men did not improve on the psychological measures (mental health, depression and anxiety). This study indicates that a MMR program could be beneficial for patients with subacute to chronic WAD, at least for women, since the outcomes at one-year follow-up were positive.

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Truth in Medicine: Why Most Reviews and Commentaries on Spine Treatments are Flawed

McCormick¹,

Kennedy

2015

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

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Sex Differences in Patients with Chronic Pain Following Whiplash Injury: The Role of Depression, Fear, Somatization, Social Support, and Personality Traits

Abstract: Except for emotional support in problem situations and social companionship, psychosocial factors do not differ between men and women with chronic WAD. These findings imply little to no risk for sex bias in studies investigating psychosocial issues in patients with chronic WAD.

Cited by 6 publications

References 54 publications

Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

Whiplash-Associated Disorders. Biopsychosocial Profiles of Pain Perception in Forensic Cases of Victims of Motor Vehicle Accidents

One-Year Follow-Up after Multimodal Rehabilitation for Patients with Whiplash-Associated Disorders

Truth in Medicine: Why Most Reviews and Commentaries on Spine Treatments are Flawed

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