Abstract:Multiple responses of Shiraia bambusicola, including nitric oxide (NO) generation, hypocrellins production and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, were induced by a fungal elicitor prepared from the mycelium of Aspergillum niger. Both the NO donator, sodium nitroprusside, and SA enhanced hypocrellin production without the fungal elicitor. However, the NO scavenger, 2,4-carboxyphenyl-4,4, 5,5- tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) and the SA biosynthesis inhibitor, cinnamic acid (CA), inhibited hypocrelli… Show more
“…A wide variety of elicitors has been successfully applied to plant tissue cultures as well as transformed organ cultures for improving the productivity of secondary metabolites (Broeckling et al 2005;Ghosh et al 2006;Zhao et al 2010;Karwasara et al 2011;Ruslan et al 2012;Sharma et al 2014). An extensive use of fungal elicitors has been reported for enhancement of synthesis of commercially important compounds from plant cell cultures (Baldi et al 2009;Dewanjee et al 2014;Du et al 2015).…”
Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. (family Scrophulariaceae), a therapeutically important perennial herb, was transformed to study the stability of the effects associated with the insertion of a gene encoding b-cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor, either alone or in addition to the T-DNA genes in long-term in vitro culture as well as after transfer to the greenhouse. Plant lines BmAr-IXcrypt obtained via transformation by LBA 9402-crypt (pRi1855?pBin19??crypt) showed integration and expression of rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD genes after 4 years of maintenance in vitro. The plant line BmAt-ncrypt obtained via transformation with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404-crypt (harboring pBin19??crypt) as well as plant line BmAr-IXcrypt showed stable integration and expression of nptII gene and crypt gene even after transfer to greenhouse. The clones of Ri-crypt-transformed plants differed morphologically from Ri-transformed plants in that the typical ''hairy root syndrome'' was not observed in plants expressing crypt gene in the presence of rol genes. Except plant line BmAr-IXcrypt, none of the other transgenic plant lines showed any alteration in floral morphology and onset of flowering. The crypt-transformed plant lines (BmAr-IXcrypt and BmAt-ncrypt), maintained under long-term culture, showed significantly higher (p B 0.05) amount of bacoside production in vitro (1.66-to 2.05-fold, with respect to non-transformed plants). In addition, accumulation of all the four bacosides was significantly higher (p B 0.05) in crypt-transformed plants as compared to non-transformed plants grown for 1 year in greenhouse. Thus, the crypt-transformed plant lines of B. monnieri may be considered as the potential source for sustainable bioproduction of bacosides.
“…A wide variety of elicitors has been successfully applied to plant tissue cultures as well as transformed organ cultures for improving the productivity of secondary metabolites (Broeckling et al 2005;Ghosh et al 2006;Zhao et al 2010;Karwasara et al 2011;Ruslan et al 2012;Sharma et al 2014). An extensive use of fungal elicitors has been reported for enhancement of synthesis of commercially important compounds from plant cell cultures (Baldi et al 2009;Dewanjee et al 2014;Du et al 2015).…”
Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. (family Scrophulariaceae), a therapeutically important perennial herb, was transformed to study the stability of the effects associated with the insertion of a gene encoding b-cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor, either alone or in addition to the T-DNA genes in long-term in vitro culture as well as after transfer to the greenhouse. Plant lines BmAr-IXcrypt obtained via transformation by LBA 9402-crypt (pRi1855?pBin19??crypt) showed integration and expression of rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD genes after 4 years of maintenance in vitro. The plant line BmAt-ncrypt obtained via transformation with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404-crypt (harboring pBin19??crypt) as well as plant line BmAr-IXcrypt showed stable integration and expression of nptII gene and crypt gene even after transfer to greenhouse. The clones of Ri-crypt-transformed plants differed morphologically from Ri-transformed plants in that the typical ''hairy root syndrome'' was not observed in plants expressing crypt gene in the presence of rol genes. Except plant line BmAr-IXcrypt, none of the other transgenic plant lines showed any alteration in floral morphology and onset of flowering. The crypt-transformed plant lines (BmAr-IXcrypt and BmAt-ncrypt), maintained under long-term culture, showed significantly higher (p B 0.05) amount of bacoside production in vitro (1.66-to 2.05-fold, with respect to non-transformed plants). In addition, accumulation of all the four bacosides was significantly higher (p B 0.05) in crypt-transformed plants as compared to non-transformed plants grown for 1 year in greenhouse. Thus, the crypt-transformed plant lines of B. monnieri may be considered as the potential source for sustainable bioproduction of bacosides.
“…For exampler the effects of fungal elicitor artemisinin production were positively correlated with regulatory genes of MVA, MEP, and artemisinin biosynthetic pathways, viz. hmgr, ads, cyp71av1, aldh1, dxs, dxr, and dbr2 in hairy root cultures of A. annua L (Du et al 2015).The enhancing effects of fungal elicitors on lignans production in hairy root cultures of Linum album was correlated with the increased expression of some key genes involved in the biosynthesis of these compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase and pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductase (Wang et al 2005).…”
Section: Gene Expressionmentioning
confidence: 91%
“…The early response of plant cells to elicitor stimulation is the flow of ions such as K + / H + , Cl -/ Ca 2 + (Almagro et al 2012, Hamada et al 2014)among these the flow of Ca 2 + ions is a key physiological response (Du et al 2015, Gao et al 2012, Mizuno et al 2005, Zhao et al 2003.…”
Section: Ion Fluxes and Ca 2+ Signalingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…PLC is activated by Ca 2+ and IP3 can transportCa 2+ from intracellular stores into the cytoplasm (Aharon et al 1998).Thus, IP3-Ca 2+ signaling pathway is thought to be the main regulatory mechanism of inducing phytoalexin (Altuzar-Molina et al 2011)and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) are involved in anion channel and Ca 2 + flow, both are important signal channels of accumulation of secondary metabolites in many medical plants (Pietrowska-Borek et al 2014, Wu et al 2008. Fungal elicitor is recognized by the receptorsin the plant, followed with Ca 2+ burst in many medical plants (Du et al 2015, Genre et al 2013, Lecourieux et al 2002.Ca 2+ is a significant second messager involved in the signal transduction progress of endophytic fungi-induced secondary metabolite accumulation in medical plants (Vasyukova et al 2001 to the enhancement of the activity of phospholipase C, which activates the biosynthetic pathways of polyphosphoinositide sugar leading in the improvement of the quantity of phytoalexin.…”
Section: Ion Fluxes and Ca 2+ Signalingmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Aspergillum niger elicitor induced an NO burst, SA accumulation, and hypocrellin production in Shiraiabam busicola. Therefore, the fungal elicitor was involved in the signaling pathway, which is a mechanism different from that of higher plants (Du et al 2015).Pueraria thomsonii Benth. cells were treated with the elicitors prepared from cell walls of Penicillium citrinum and detected the contents of NO, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and puerarin.…”
Section: The Crosstalk Between Signalingmentioning
A wide range of external stress stimuli trigger plant cells to undergo complex network of reactions that ultimately lead to the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Throughout evolution, endophytic fungi, an important constituent in the environment of medicinal plants have known to form long-term stable and mutually beneficial symbiosis with medicinal plants. The endophytic fungal elicitor can rapidly and specifically induce the expression of specific genes in medicinal plants which can result in the activation of a series of specific secondary metabolic pathways resulting in the significant accumulation of active ingredients. Here we summarize the progress made on the mechanisms of fungal elicitor including elicitor signal recognition, signal transduction, gene expression and activation of the key enzymes and its application to this process. This paper provides guidance on studies which may be conducted to promote the efficient synthesis and accumulation of active ingredients by the endogenous fungal elicitor in medicinal plant cells, and provides new ideas and methods of studying the regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants.
This study reports the best culture conditions for roots growth and accumulation of active components by optimizing the parameters. Glycyrrhiza uralensis adventitious roots metabolites were significantly increased after adding Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Meyerozyma guilliermondii. The highest contents of polysaccharide, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, and total flavonoids were obtained in M. guilliermondii group; the content of glycyrrhizic acid was 5.3-fold higher than the control. In control and treatment groups, 12 compounds were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS), among which some new compounds have been detected in elicitor groups including 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone, glycyrrhisoflavanone, licorice saponin J2, uralsaponin B, (3R)-vestitol, and uralenol. Meyerozyma guilliermondii significantly upregulated the expression of the genes such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, geranyl diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase, squalene epoxidase, β-amyrin synthase, and CYP88D6 and CYP72A154. Meanwhile, it increased the biosynthesis of signaling molecules (nitric oxide, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid) in defense mechanism.
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