Dietary protein and urinary nitrogen in relation to 6-year changes in fat mass and fat-free mass

Ankarfeldt, Mikkel Zöllner; Gottliebsen, K; Ängquist, Lars; Astrup, Arne; Heitmann, Berit Lilienthal; Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.

doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.80

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…At the nutrient level, we are suspecting the high protein intake (~19 E % in the highest quintile of PC4- Table 2) combined with a low intake of dietary fiber (~11 g/day) being responsible for the positive associations with weight gain. Despite the convincing evidence from RCT and physiological studies that a high protein intake is beneficial for weight loss and control in the short-term, longer-term and/or large-scale observational studies have reported the opposite [29][30][31]. The effects of dietary nutrient mixtures on appetite and weight control are poorly understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries

et al. 2015

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries

et al. 2015

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“…Recent studies suggested that high dietary protein intake contributes to weight loss due to higher satiety with a high-protein diet [ 8 ]. Recently, an ad-libitum intervention study in healthy obese participants showed a modest increase in dietary protein to be beneficial for the maintenance of weight loss after 26 weeks [ 9 ], whereas an observational study in healthy people showed that a higher protein intake was associated with weight gain, mostly as fat mass after 6 years [ 10 ]. Iso-energetic studies found no significant difference on weight change between high-protein or high-carbohydrate diets in the short term [ 8 , 11 ] and inconclusive evidence in the long term [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with protein: the association with weight change and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes

Campmans-Kuijpers

Sluijs

Nöthlings

et al. 2015

Cardiovasc Diabetol

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BackgroundThe health impact of dietary replacement of carbohydrates with protein for patients with type 2 diabetes is still debated. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary substitution of carbohydrates with (animal and plant) protein and 5-year weight change, and all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality risk in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe study included 6,107 diabetes patients from 15 European cohorts. Patients with type 1 diabetes were excluded. At recruitment, validated country-specific food-frequency questionnaires were used to estimate dietary intake. Multivariable adjusted linear regression was used to examine the associations between dietary carbohydrate substitution with protein and 5-year weight change, and Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for (CVD) mortality.ResultsAnnual weight loss of patients with type 2 diabetes was 0.17 (SD 1.24) kg. After a mean follow-up of 9.2 (SD 2.3)y, 787 (13%) participants had died, of which 266 (4%) deaths were due to CVD. Substitution of 10 gram dietary carbohydrate with total (ß = 187 [75;299]g) and animal (ß = 196 [137;254]g) protein was associated with mean 5-year weight gain. Substitution for plant protein was not significantly associated with weight change (β = 82 [−421;584]g). Substitution with plant protein was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk (HR = 0.79 [0.64;0.97]), whereas substitution with total or animal protein was not associated with (CVD) mortality risk.ConclusionsIn diabetes patients, substitution with plant protein was beneficial with respect to weight change and all-cause mortality as opposed to substitution with animal protein. Therefore, future research is needed whether dietary guidelines should not actively promote substitution of carbohydrates by total protein, but rather focus on substitution of carbohydrates with plant protein.

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“…In a small study in middle-aged men and women in Denmark, both protein intake estimated from 24 h urinary N excretion and self-reported protein intake were associated with greater weight gain after 6 years ( 13 ) . However, the authors did not examine other nutrients including Na and K ( 13 ) , whose effect on obesity are now being investigated ( 14 – 20 ) . For Na, a mechanism not triggered by increased energy intake has been proposed by an animal study, where a high consumption of salt contributed to development of obesity among rats ( 21 ) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Ability of self-reported estimates of dietary sodium, potassium and protein to detect an association with general and abdominal obesity: comparison with the estimates derived from 24 h urinary excretion

et al. 2015

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As under-reporting of dietary intake, particularly by overweight and obese subjects, is common in dietary surveys, biases inherent in the use of self-reported dietary information may distort true diet -obesity relationships or even create spurious ones. However, empirical evidence of this possibility is limited. The present cross-sectional study compared the relationships of 24 h urine-derived and self-reported intakes of Na, K and protein with obesity. A total of 1043 Japanese women aged 18-22 years completed a 24 h urine collection and a selfadministered diet history questionnaire. After adjustment for potential confounders, 24 h urine-derived Na intake was associated with a higher risk of general obesity (BMI $25 kg/m 2 ) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference $80 cm; both P for trend¼ 0·04). For 24 h urine-derived protein intake, positive associations with general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend¼0·02 and 0·053, respectively). For 24 h urine-derived K intake, there was an inverse association with abdominal obesity (P for trend¼0·01). Conversely, when self-reported dietary information was used, only inverse associations between K intake and general and abdominal obesity were observed (P for trend¼ 0·04 and 0·02, respectively), with no associations of Na or protein intake. In conclusion, we found positive associations of Na and protein intakes and inverse associations of K intake with obesity when using 24 h urinary excretion for estimating dietary intakes. However, no association was observed based on using self-reported dietary intakes, except for inverse association of K intake, suggesting that the ability of self-reported dietary information using the diet history questionnaire for investigating diet-obesity relationships is limited.

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Dietary protein and urinary nitrogen in relation to 6-year changes in fat mass and fat-free mass

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries

Main nutrient patterns are associated with prospective weight change in adults from 10 European countries

Isocaloric substitution of carbohydrates with protein: the association with weight change and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes

Ability of self-reported estimates of dietary sodium, potassium and protein to detect an association with general and abdominal obesity: comparison with the estimates derived from 24 h urinary excretion

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