Emissions from South Asian Brick Production

Weyant, Cheryl; Athalye, Vasudev; Ragavan, Santhosh; Rajarathnam, Uma; Lalchandani, Dheeraj; Maithel, Sameer; Baum, E.; Bond, Tami C.

doi:10.1021/es500186g

Cited by 103 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Jayarathne et al (2017) recently reported the particle-phase results of the same kilns measured by Stockwell et al (2016). Of these studies, Stockwell et al (2016) and Christian et al (2010) report fuel-based energy factors whereas Rajarathnam et al (2014) and Weyant et al (2014) report energy-based emission factors, allowing a proper inter-comparison with our results. Tables 3 and 4 show a comparison of the 5 energy-based and fuel-based emission factors, respectively, with those obtained in other studies.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Studies 30mentioning

confidence: 84%

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Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Co-Pollutants Emissions and Energy Efficiency from Artisanal Brick Production in Mexico

Zavala¹,

Molina²,

Maiz³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. In many parts of the developing world and economies in transition, small-scale traditional brick kilns are a notorious 15 source of urban air pollution. Many are both energy inefficient and burn highly polluting fuels that emit significant levels of black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and other atmospheric pollutants into local communities, resulting in severe health and environmental impacts. However, only a very limited number of studies are available on the emission characteristics of brick kilns; thus there is a need to characterize their gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emission factors to better assess their overall contribution to emissions inventories and to quantify their ecological, human health, and climate impacts. In this study, 20 the fuel-, energy-, and brick-based emissions factors and time-based emission ratios of BC, OC, inorganic PM components, CO, SO 2 , CH 4 , NO x , and selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two traditional artisanal kilns and one MK2 kiln in Mexico were quantified using the tracer ratio sampling technique. Simultaneous measurements of PM components, CO and CO 2 were also obtained using a filter-based sampling probe technique. Additional measurements included the internal temperature of the brick kilns, mechanical resistance of bricks produced, and characteristics of fuels employed. The results 25show that both techniques capture similar temporal profiles of the brick kiln emissions and produce comparable emission factors, indicating that the tracer ratio technique can be an alternative option to the filter-based sampling probe technique in understanding the temporal profile of the chemical composition of brick kilns emissions. A more integrated inter-comparison of the brick kilns' performances was obtained by simultaneously assessing emissions factors, energy efficiency, fuel consumption, and the quality of the bricks produced. Overall, a well-designed and operated MK2 kiln produced lower PM 2.5 , 30 BC, OC emission factors and higher energy efficiency than the traditional artisanal brick kilns. Average fuel-based BC emission factors ranged from 0.15 -0.58 g/kg-fuel whereas BC/OC mass ratios ranged from 0.9 -5.2, depending on the kiln type. The results from this study contribute to the limited number of databases available on the emission characteristics of the informal brick production sector.Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi

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Section: Comparison With Other Studies 30mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Previous work by Christian et al (2010) includes measurements of multiple gases and PM composition for three traditional-fixed kilns in Mexico that used wood waste products as fuel. Of the five types of kiln designs measured by Rajarathnam et al (2014) and Weyant et al (2014) Atmos. Chem.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Studies 30mentioning

confidence: 99%

Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Co-Pollutants Emissions and Energy Efficiency from Artisanal Brick Production in Mexico

Zavala¹,

Molina²,

Maiz³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Also, the EC / TC ratio in GAINS -from about 0.67 for zigzag; about 0.75 for clamps, downdraft, and moving chimney Bull's trench kiln (BTK); and 0.93 for fixed chimney BTKresembles the measurements by Weyant et al (2014).…”

Section: Brick Kilnsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…maximum permissible concentrations of several pollutants, including PM, the enforcement is difficult for several reasons, including relatively few measurements available. Maithel et al (2012), Weyant et al (2014), and reported particulate matter measurements for key brick kiln production technologies in Asia (primarily India and Vietnam), and a few studies, focusing on toxics and black carbon, have been performed in Mexico (Cardenas et al, 2012;Christian et al, 2010;Maíz, 2012); the last three studies covered several types of kilns, including the Marquez kiln (MK), which is specific to Latin America. For the main brick producing technologies in South Asia, the PM emission factors derived from the above measurements are lower by over 30 % for BC and 90 % for PM 2.5 than previously estimated values , which were used in several regional Lu et al, 2011;Ohara et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2009) and global inventories Cofala et al, 2007;UNEP/WMO, 2011).…”

Section: Brick Kilnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The emission factor set used in GAINS to calculate ECLIPSE values is more in line with the currently available measurements although it was developed prior to the publication of measurements by Weyant et al (2014); see Table S5.1, where current GAINS emission factors for PM 2.5 , BC, and OC are compared with the previous GAINS dataset and recent measurements by Weyant et al (2014). Also, the EC / TC ratio in GAINS -from about 0.67 for zigzag; about 0.75 for clamps, downdraft, and moving chimney Bull's trench kiln (BTK); and 0.93 for fixed chimney BTKresembles the measurements by Weyant et al (2014).…”

Section: Brick Kilnsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

et al. 2017

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Abstract. This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of historical global anthropogenic particulate matter (PM) emissions including the consistent and harmonized calculation of mass-based size distribution (PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 10 ), as well as primary carbonaceous aerosols including black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC). The estimates were developed with the integrated assessment model GAINS, where source-and region-specific technology characteristics are explicitly included. This assessment includes a number of previously unaccounted or often misallocated emission sources, i.e. kerosene lamps, gas flaring, diesel generators, refuse burning; some of them were reported in the past for selected regions or in the context of a particular pollutant or sector but not included as part of a total estimate. Spatially, emissions were calculated for 172 source regions (as well as international shipping), presented for 25 global regions, and allocated to 0.5 • × 0.5 • longitude-latitude grids. No independent estimates of emissions from forest fires and savannah burning are provided and neither windblown dust nor unpaved roads emissions are included.We estimate that global emissions of PM have not changed significantly between 1990 and 2010, showing a strong decoupling from the global increase in energy consumption and, consequently, CO 2 emissions, but there are significantly different regional trends, with a particularly strong increase in East Asia and Africa and a strong decline in Europe, North America, and the Pacific region. This in turn resulted in important changes in the spatial pattern of PM burden, e.g. European, North American, and Pacific contributions to global emissions dropped from nearly 30 % in 1990 to well below 15 % in 2010, while Asia's contribution grew from just over 50 % to nearly two-thirds of the global total in 2010. For all PM species considered, Asian sources represented over 60 % of the global anthropogenic total, and residential combustion was the most important sector, contributing about 60 % for BC and OC, 45 % for PM 2.5 , and less than 40 % for PM 10 , where large combustion sources and industrial processes are equally important. Global anthropogenic emissions of BC were estimated at about 6.6 and 7.2 Tg in 2000 and 2010, respectively, and represent about 15 % of PM 2.5 but for some sources reach nearly 50 %, i.e. for the transport sector. Our global BC numbers are higher than previously published owing primarily to the inclusion of new sources.This PM estimate fills the gap in emission data and emission source characterization required in air quality and climate modelling studies and health impact assessments at a regional and global level, as it includes both carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous constituents of primary particulate matter emissions. The developed emission dataset has been used in several regional and global atmospheric transport and climate model simulations within the ECLIPSE (Evaluating the Climate and Air Quality Impacts of Short-Lived Pollutants) project and beyo...

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Emission factors of health‐ and climate‐relevant pollutants measured in home during a carbon‐finance‐approved cookstove intervention in rural India

et al. 2017

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We present results of an emission characterization effort, completed as part of a larger intervention trial, of a carbon‐finance‐approved program replacing traditional cookstoves with “rocket”‐style natural draft stoves. The 100 emission tests were conducted across 31 households in control and intervention groups, with repeated tests in most households during preintervention and postintervention periods. While mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emission factor for intervention stoves was significantly lower than for traditional stoves in baseline measurements, they were only marginally lower than traditional stoves during follow‐up. Intervention stove PM2.5 emissions had a larger contribution from light‐absorbing (elemental) carbon than traditional stoves. Repeated measurements in control households provide evidence for strong seasonality, likely due to differences in fuel moisture/types, in traditional stove emissions, with important implications for study design. Seasonality observed in control household emission factors (baseline > follow‐up) was in the opposite direction as that observed in indoor PM2.5 concentrations (baseline < follow‐up), highlighting that seasonally varying conditions (e.g., ventilation rates) may modify the link between emissions and exposures. Emission factor differences in paired (pre/post) tests from the same households were similar to differences in the medians of entire groups, suggesting variability is dominated by test‐to‐test variation. Emission reductions from intervention stoves were significantly smaller than laboratory performance would suggest or that are required to strongly reduce exposures. Field emissions assessment like that presented here should be prioritized early in technology assessment and development to provide rigorous estimates of the benefits reasonably expected from interventions with the potential for substantial benefits to human health and the environment.

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Emissions from South Asian Brick Production

Cited by 103 publications

References 25 publications

Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Co-Pollutants Emissions and Energy Efficiency from Artisanal Brick Production in Mexico

Black Carbon, Organic Carbon, and Co-Pollutants Emissions and Energy Efficiency from Artisanal Brick Production in Mexico

Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon

Emission factors of health‐ and climate‐relevant pollutants measured in home during a carbon‐finance‐approved cookstove intervention in rural India

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