Systematic Review of Ghrelin Response to Food Intake in Pediatric Age, From Neonates to Adolescents

Prodam, Flavia; Monzani, Alice; Ricotti, Roberta; Marolda, Agostina; Bellone, Simonetta; Aimaretti, Gianluca; Roccio, Marta; Bona, Gianni

doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4010

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Most studies of normal weight, prepubertal children have shown that ghrelin responses were refractory to the inhibitory effect of eating. Such a mechanism is believed to be physiological, namely ghrelin‐promoting anabolic metabolism and growth in childhood, as discussed by Prodam et al in a review paper . If this is the case, our study has shown that the systems that regulate energy expenditure have already changed in obese children by the age of 4–6.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Obese children aged 4–6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal

et al. 2018

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Obese children aged 4–6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal

et al. 2018

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“…5C), and the secreted hormone was below the detectable limits of the ELISA (50 pg/ml). Ghrelin is a satiety factor and ghrelin levels are known to decrease after ingestion of food (Steinert et al, 2017), and in response to oral glucose (Outeiriño-Blanco et al, 2011;Prodam et al, 2014). In addition, we noted a small increase in GLP-1 expression and cell number within the injected HIOs (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 51%

Deriving functional human enteroendocrine cells from pluripotent stem cells

et al. 2018

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Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) are a minor cell population in the intestine yet they play a major role in digestion, satiety and nutrient homeostasis. Recently developed human intestinal organoid models include EECs, but their rarity makes it difficult to study their formation and function. Here, we used the EEC-inducing property of the transcription factor NEUROG3 in human pluripotent stem cell-derived human intestinal organoids and colonic organoids to promote EEC development An 8-h pulse of NEUROG3 expression induced expression of known target transcription factors and after 7 days organoids contained up to 25% EECs in the epithelium. EECs expressed a broad array of human hormones at the mRNA and/or protein level, including motilin, somatostatin, neurotensin, secretin, substance P, serotonin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, oxyntomodulin, GLP-1 and INSL5. EECs secreted several hormones including gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin. Injection of glucose into the lumen of organoids caused an increase in both GIP secretion and K-cell number. Lastly, we observed formation of all known small intestinal EEC subtypes following transplantation and growth of human intestinal organoids in mice.

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“…The mechanism by which ghrelin level is reduced in obesity has not been elucidated [ 6 ], but our results are in agreement with previous studies that found reduced levels of ghrelin in obesity [ 38 ] and type 2 diabetes mellitus [ 39 ]. Circulating plasma ghrelin has been previously found to decrease significantly after oral and intravenous glucose administration [ 14 ], food intake [ 40 , 41 ], and body weight increase [ 42 ]. Therefore, it seems that increased caloric intake suppresses the plasma ghrelin levels and decreased ghrelin may reflect a possible physiological adaptation to positive energy balance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Acylated Ghrelin and Obestatin Levels in Childhood Obesity and Their Association with Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress

Razzaghy-Azar

Nourbakhsh

Pourmoteabed

et al. 2016

JCM

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Background: Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide with an orexigenic property, which is predominantly produced by the stomach. Acylated ghrelin is the active form of this hormone. Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide which is produced by post-translational modification of a protein precursor that also produces ghrelin. Obestatin has the opposite effect of ghrelin on food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate acylated ghrelin and obestatin levels and their ratio in obese and normal-weight children and adolescents, and their association with metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters. Methods: Serum acyl-ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, insulin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated in 73 children and adolescents (42 obese and 31 control). Insulin resistance was calculated by a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). MetS was determined according to IDF criteria. Results: Acyl-ghrelin levels were significantly lower in obese subjects compared to the control group and lower in obese children with MetS compared to obese subjects without MetS. Obestatin was significantly higher in obese subjects compared to that of the control, but it did not differ significantly among those with or without MetS. Acyl-ghrelin to obestatin ratio was significantly lower in obese subjects compared to that in normal subjects. Acyl-ghrelin showed significant negative and obestatin showed significant positive correlations with body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score, leptin, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Acyl-ghrelin had a significant negative correlation with MDA as an index of oxidative stress. Conclusion: Ghrelin is decreased and obestatin is elevated in obesity. Both of these hormones are associated with insulin resistance, and ghrelin is associated with oxidative stress. The balance between ghrelin and obestatin seems to be disturbed in obesity.

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Systematic Review of Ghrelin Response to Food Intake in Pediatric Age, From Neonates to Adolescents

Cited by 23 publications

References 79 publications

Obese children aged 4–6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal

Obese children aged 4–6 displayed decreased fasting and postprandial ghrelin levels in response to a test meal

Deriving functional human enteroendocrine cells from pluripotent stem cells

An Evaluation of Acylated Ghrelin and Obestatin Levels in Childhood Obesity and Their Association with Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Oxidative Stress

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