Fluorescence <i>in situ</i>
 hybridization probing of protozoal <i>Entodinium</i>
 spp. and their methanogenic colonizers in the rumen of cattle fed alfalfa hay or triticale straw

Xia, Yun; Kong, Yunhong; Seviour, Robert J.; Forster, Robert J.; Kišidayová, Svetlana; McAllister, Tim A.

doi:10.1111/jam.12356

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In mature ruminants, archaea have been found to associate with protozoa (such as Entodinium spp.) because they provide a constant supply of hydrogen and thus significantly contribute to ruminal methanogenesis [ 31 ]. However, protozoa have been found to initially establish in the rumen of calves at 21 days and to become fully established at 59 days [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of Selected Methanogens, Fibrolytic Bacteria, and Proteobacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Neonatal Dairy Calves from Birth to 72 Hours

et al. 2015

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The microbial communities in the gastrointestinal tract of a young calf are essential for the anatomical and physiological development that permits a transition from milk to solid feed. Selected methanogens, fibrolytic bacteria, and proteobacteria were quantified in the rumen fluid and tissue, abomasum fluid, cecum fluid and tissue, and feces of Holstein bull calves on day 0 (0–20 mins after birth), day 1 (24 ± 1 h after birth), day 2 (48 ± 1 h after birth), and day 3 (72 ± 1 h after birth). Methanogens, fibrolytic bacteria, and Geobacter spp. were found to be already present from birth, indicating that microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract occurred before or during delivery. The abundance of methanogens and Geobacter spp. differed between the days tested and between compartments of the digestive tract and feces, but such difference was not observed for fibrolytic bacteria. Our findings suggests that methanogens might have an alternative hydrogen provider such as Geobacter spp. during these early stages of postnatal development. In addition, fibrolytic bacteria were present in the rumen well before the availability of fibrous substrates, suggesting that they might use nutrients other than cellulose and hemicellose.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of Selected Methanogens, Fibrolytic Bacteria, and Proteobacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Neonatal Dairy Calves from Birth to 72 Hours

et al. 2015

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“…Numerous qualitative and quantitative studies focused on the diversity of ciliates have been performed since then; these studies have used a variety of techniques, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP; Regensbogenova et al, 2004a , Tymensen et al, 2012b ), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE; Regensbogenova et al, 2004b , McEwan et al, 2005 ; de la Fuente et al, 2009 ; Belanche et al, 2010a , Kittelmann and Janssen, 2011 ), real-time PCR (qPCR; Sylvester et al, 2004 ; Skillman et al, 2006 ; Belanche et al, 2010a , Kittelmann and Janssen, 2011 ), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; Xia et al, 2014 ) and next generation sequencing ( Kittelmann et al, 2013 , 2015 ; Ishaq and Wright, 2014 ; Moon-van der Staay et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Diversity and Phylogeny Of Rumen Ciliate Protozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen

et al. 2015

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First described in 1843, Rumen protozoa with their striking appearance were assumed to be important for the welfare of their host. However, despite contributing up to 50% of the bio-mass in the rumen, the role of protozoa in rumen microbial ecosystem remains unclear. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA libraries generated from the rumen of cattle, sheep, and goats has revealed an unexpected diversity of ciliated protozoa although variation in gene copy number between species makes it difficult to obtain absolute quantification. Despite repeated attempts it has proven impossible to maintain rumen protozoa in axenic culture. Thus it has been difficult to establish conclusively a role of ciliate protozoa in rumen fiber degradation. The development of techniques to clone and express ciliate genes in λ phage, together with bioinformatic indices to confirm the ciliate origin of the genes has allowed the isolation and characterization of fibrolytic genes from rumen protozoa. Elimination of the ciliate protozoa increases microbial protein supply by up to 30% and reduces methane production by up to 11%. Our recent findings suggest that holotrich protozoa play a disproportionate role in supporting methanogenesis whilst the small Entodinium are responsible for much of the bacterial protein turnover. As yet no method to control protozoa in the rumen that is safe and practically applicable has been developed, however a range of plant extract capable of controlling if not completely eliminating rumen protozoa have been described.

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“… Entodinium spp. Cattle - Alfalfa hay or triticale straw - After feeding (1–2 h) [ 36 ] a Mbb = Methanobrevibacter b Mm = Methanomicrobium c RCC = rumen cluster C …”

Section: Methanogens Associated With Rumen Protozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances

Patra

Park

Kim

et al. 2017

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

335

263

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Methanogenic archaea reside primarily in the rumen and the lower segments of the intestines of ruminants, where they utilize the reducing equivalents derived from rumen fermentation to reduce carbon dioxide, formic acid, or methylamines to methane (CH4). Research on methanogens in the rumen has attracted great interest in the last decade because CH4 emission from ruminants contributes to global greenhouse gas emission and represents a loss of feed energy. Some DNA-based phylogenetic studies have depicted a diverse and dynamic community of methanogens in the rumen. In the past decade, researchers have focused on elucidating the underpinning that determines and affects the diversity, composition, structure, and dynamics of methanogen community of the rumen. Concurrently, many researchers have attempted to develop and evaluate interventions to mitigate enteric CH4 emission. Although much work has been done using plant secondary metabolites, other approaches such as using nitrate and 3-nitrooxy propanol have also yielded promising results. Most of these antimethanogenic compounds or substances often show inconsistent results among studies and also lead to adverse effects on feed intake and digestion and other aspects of rumen fermentation when fed at doses high enough to achieve effective mitigation. This review provides a brief overview of the rumen methanogens and then an appraisal of most of the antimethanogenic compounds and substances that have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Knowledge gaps and future research needs are also discussed with a focus on methanogens and methane mitigation.

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Fluorescence in situ hybridization probing of protozoal Entodinium spp. and their methanogenic colonizers in the rumen of cattle fed alfalfa hay or triticale straw

Cited by 16 publications

References 38 publications

Presence of Selected Methanogens, Fibrolytic Bacteria, and Proteobacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Neonatal Dairy Calves from Birth to 72 Hours

Presence of Selected Methanogens, Fibrolytic Bacteria, and Proteobacteria in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Neonatal Dairy Calves from Birth to 72 Hours

The Role of Ciliate Protozoa in the Rumen

Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances

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