Flax and Breast Cancer

Flower, Gillian; Fritz, Heidi; Balneaves, Lynda G.; Verma, Shailendra; Skidmore, Becky; Fernandes, Rochelle; Kennedy, Deborah; Cooley, Kieran; Wong, Raimond; Sagar, Stephen M.; Fergusson, Dean; Seely, Dugald

doi:10.1177/1534735413502076

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…A systematic review of the literature on associations between α-linolenic acid and risk of breast cancer found significant negative relationships between higher intake of flax, a major source of α-linolenic acid, and both breast cancer incidence (OR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.69–0.97) and mortality (HR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.50–0.95) [ 581 ]. In women with recent diagnoses of breast cancer, higher intake of flax was associated with less-aggressive tumor profiles that had higher apoptotic indices, and lower HER2 expression and proliferative rates [ 581 ].…”

Section: Evidence Linking Environmental Factors and Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIn this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer.AbstractSingly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available.ConclusionIncreasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances – many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts – may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.

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Section: Evidence Linking Environmental Factors and Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment

et al. 2017

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“…Tocotrienols are also detected. Linseed oil prevents the development and spread of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, vascular problems, inflammatory disorders, and allergic reactions [19][20][21][22]. In addition to its preventative properties, linseed oil plays a pivotal role in protecting cells from oxidative damage [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tocochromanols and fatty acid composition in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions

et al. 2019

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Flax, Linum usitatissimum, cultivars are grown throughout the world. Flax oil is a dietary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, as well as phospholipids, sterols, and phenolic acids. Linseed plays a pivotal role in protecting cells from oxidative damage associated diseases, i.e., atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammation. In this study, two groups of L. usitatissimum seeds were used to evaluate and compare the content and composition of tocochromanols (vitamin E) and fatty acids. Group I included accessions originating from Poland and the Ukraine, while Group II encompassed worldwide flax cultivars (such as from the United States, Argentina, and Italy). A comparison of the tocochromanol profiles showed a higher content in Group I, although there were no significant differences in tocopherol content and composition between the genotypes within this group. All accessions in Groups I and II contained γ-tocotrienol and plastochromanol-8, which confirms the high nutritional value of flaxseeds. The composition of fatty acids varied depending on the varieties, with linolenic acid showing the greatest discrepancy. Based on the tocochromanol content and fatty acid composition, we conducted a principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, which revealed a greater similarity among the accessions in Group I. An analysis of the tocochromanol and fatty acid composition of flaxseeds is important from an agronomic and medicinal perspective and can be used to select the most appropriate flax cultivar.

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“…230 On the contrary, a previously reported by Flower et al (2005), a meta-analysis of 10 clinical studies evidenced both the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities for ax lignans. 231 Interestingly, these effects appeared to be correlated with BMI, with signicant actions restricted to normal BMI (<25), but without any signicant correlation with the menopausal or the ER+/ERÀ status of the patients. These observational data suggested associations between ax intake and decreased risk of primary breast cancer, lower mortality among breast cancer patients and better mental health.…”

Section: Secoisolariciresinol and Derived Enterolignansmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…These observational data suggested associations between ax intake and decreased risk of primary breast cancer, lower mortality among breast cancer patients and better mental health. 231 A large pre-diagnostic plasma ENL levels and breast cancer prognosis among Danish post-menopausal women study evidence interesting results in crude models higher ENL levels were associated with lower risk of breast cancer-specic mortality but aer adjustment for lifestyle factors this association was only borderline signicant (P ¼ 0.0501). However for women who never smoked or used hormones a more signicant lower risk of mortality was noted and certainly deserve further investigations.…”

Section: Secoisolariciresinol and Derived Enterolignansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic evaluation of phytochemicals in breast cancer remedy: current understanding and future perspectives

et al. 2018

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Flax and Breast Cancer

Cited by 62 publications

References 80 publications

State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment

State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment

Tocochromanols and fatty acid composition in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) accessions

Mechanistic evaluation of phytochemicals in breast cancer remedy: current understanding and future perspectives

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