Using conventional HIV tests on oral fluid

Fransen, Katrien; Vermoesen, Tine; Beelaert, Greet; Menten, Joris; Hutse, Veronik; Wouters, Kristien; Platteau, Tom; Florence, Éric

doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.004

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It was established using the oral fluid specimens. Within seven days of collecting the sample, the AIDS reference laboratory performed the analysis according to a validated algorithm [22]. First, samples were tested with a Genscreen HIV ½ v2® (BioRad, Sensitivity = 100, 95% CI: 95.9–100; Specificity = 97.6, 95% CI: 94.5–99.0).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First HIV prevalence estimates of a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in a European city. Results of a community-based, cross-sectional study in Antwerp, Belgium

et al. 2017

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IntroductionWhile sub-Saharan African migrants are the second largest group affected by HIV in Europe, sound HIV prevalence estimates based on representative samples of these heterogeneous communities are lacking. Such data are needed to inform prevention and public health policy.MethodsThis community-based, cross-sectional study combined oral fluid HIV testing with an electronic behavioral survey. Adopting a two-stage time location sampling HIV prevalence estimates for a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in Antwerp, Belgium were obtained. Sample proportions and estimated adjusted population proportions were calculated for all variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis explored factors independently associated with HIV infection.ResultsBetween December 2013 and October 2014, 744 sub-Saharan African migrants were included (37% women). A substantial proportion was socially, legally and economically vulnerable: 21% were probably of undocumented status, 63% had financial problems in the last year and 9% lacked stable housing. Sexual networks were mostly African and crossed national borders, i.e. sexual encounters during travels within Europa and Africa. Concurrency is common, 34% of those in a stable relationship had a partner on the side in the last year. HIV prevalence was 5.9%(95%CI:3.4%-10.1%) among women and 4.2% (95%CI:1.6%-10.6%) among men. Although high lifetime HIV testing was reported at community level (73%), 65.2% (CI95%:32.4%-88.0%) of sub-Saharan African migrants were possibly undiagnosed. Being 45 years or older, unprotected sex when travelling within Europe in the last year, high intentions to use condoms, being unaware of their last sexual partners’ HIV status, recent HIV testing and not having encountered partner violence in the last year were independently associated with HIV infection in multivariable logical regression. In univariable analysis, HIV infection was additionally associated to unemployment.ConclusionsThis is the first HIV prevalence study among adult sub-Saharan African migrants resettling in a European city based on a representative sample. HIV prevalence was high and could potentially increase further due to the high number of people with an undiagnosed HIV infection, social vulnerability, high levels of concurrency and mainly African sexual networks. Given this population’s mobility, an aligned European combination prevention approach addressing these determinants is urgently needed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First HIV prevalence estimates of a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in a European city. Results of a community-based, cross-sectional study in Antwerp, Belgium

et al. 2017

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“…Saliva is used diagnostically for numerous diseases including neurological diseases, Cushing's syndrome, 15 HIV, 16 and cancer. 17,18 The possibility to identify and measure biomarkers in saliva also opens the avenue for screening at-risk populations and monitoring disease progression and compliance with treatment modalities.…”

Section: Biomarkers For Detection Of Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and urine: Potential in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for chronic diseases

Prasad

Tyagi

Aggarwal

2016

Exp Biol Med (Maywood)

102

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Inflammation is a part of the complex biological response of inflammatory cells to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, irritants, or damaged cells. This inflammation has been linked to several chronic diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Major biomarkers of inflammation include tumor necrosis factor, interleukins (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, chemokines, cyclooxygenase, 5-lipooxygenase, and C-reactive protein, all of which are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB. Although examining inflammatory biomarkers in blood is a standard practice, its identification in saliva and/or urine is more convenient and non-invasive. In this review, we aim to (1) discuss the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers in urine and saliva; (2) advantages of using salivary and urinary inflammatory biomarkers over blood, while also weighing on the challenges and/or limitations of their use; (3) examine their role(s) in connection with diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and drug development for several chronic diseases with inflammatory consequences, including cancer; and (4) explore the use of innovative salivary and urine based biosensor strategies that may permit the testing of biomarkers quickly, reliably, and cost-effectively, in a decentralized setting.

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“…Fransen et al quantified total IgG in oral fluid in 300 specimens before performing a comparison of different HIV assays and excluded only two specimens due to insufficient antibody levels (25). The authors also noted that drinking water before collection of oral fluid lowered the amount of antibodies but did not lead to missed cases.…”

Section: Rapid Diagnostic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

et al. 2016

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In this chapter we will discuss the diagnosis and monitoring of individuals with HIV infection. The application and interpretation of these tests does not change dramatically when used in the immunocompromised host. The principal approach to the diagnosis of HIV infection involves serologic testing, although nucleic acid amplification tests play an important role in the diagnosis of acute HIV infection. The algorithm for diagnosis of HIV continues to evolve with newer assays that are able to detect infection within an earlier timeframe after HIV transmission. Viral load testing for HIV-1 is the cornerstone for monitoring patients on antiretroviral therapy. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance tests are employed when antiretroviral resistance is suspected and results help guide therapy. The tropism assay must be performed to determine the efficacy of CCR5 chemokine receptor antagonists. Next-generation sequencing methods are an innovative approach to assessing archived antiretroviral resistance in patients with virologic suppression. The success of antiretroviral therapy with improved long-term outcomes has made transplantation in HIV-infected patients a reality.

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Using conventional HIV tests on oral fluid

Cited by 25 publications

References 22 publications

First HIV prevalence estimates of a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in a European city. Results of a community-based, cross-sectional study in Antwerp, Belgium

First HIV prevalence estimates of a representative sample of adult sub-Saharan African migrants in a European city. Results of a community-based, cross-sectional study in Antwerp, Belgium

Detection of inflammatory biomarkers in saliva and urine: Potential in diagnosis, prevention, and treatment for chronic diseases

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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