A systems biology analysis of autophagy in cancer therapy

2-Deoxy-D-glucose targeting of glucose metabolism in cancer cells as a potential therapy

“…In addition, the UPR induced by misfolded, aggregated or damaged proteins activates ER stress and results in the autophagic engulfment and sequestration of the ER [76,77]. Despite the self-preservation, sustained and elevated autophagy under conditions of protracted stresses suppresses tumorigenesis [24,73,78].…”

“…During this process, cellular organelles and bulk cytoplasm are encompassed into an isolated double membrane structure called the autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosome to form the autophagolysosome where its contents are degraded to provide an alternate energy source for use by cells [71][72][73][74]. In addition to the nutrient recycling function, autophagy mediates the degradation of defective proteins and organelles [70].…”

Fluoxetine induces autophagic cell death via eEF2K‐AMPK‐mTOR‐ULK complex axis in triple negative breast cancer

“…Autophagy, a term from Greek “auto” (self) and “phagy” (to eat), refers to an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism for the clearance of damaged or superfluous organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus and mitochondria . Recent work suggests that autophagy is important in cell death decisions and can protect cells from apoptosis and caspase‐independent death .…”

Molecular Switch Role of Akt in Polygonatum odoratum Lectin-Induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer A549 Cells

“…Generally, there are two main types of PCD, referring to apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism for clearance of damaged or superfluous macro-complexes and organelles in eukaryotic cells, which leads to either pro-survival or pro-death effects [6]. Apoptosis, which can be regulated by numerous molecular signaling pathways, is mainly targeted for tumor suicide.…”