“…Demographic rates determine the temporal and spatial dynamics of a population (Benton et al 2006, Miller-Rushing et al 2010, Schurr et al 2012, Lynch et al 2014, interspecific interactions (Sentis et al 2013, Ma et al 2015b, and even the structure and functioning of ecosystem (Lloret et al 2012, de Mazancourt et al 2013. Importantly, demographic shifts are also the product of complex changes in physiological, biochemical (Hahn and Denlinger 2007, Karl et al 2008, Zhang et al 2016) and molecular mechanisms that determine individual growth, development, reproduction, survival and even the stress tolerances (Rinehart et al 2007, Koštál and Tollarová-Borovanská 2009, Liu et al 2013). In addition, demographic responses impact the speed and direction of evolutionary trajectories (Lande 1988) and are thus critically important for understanding the evolutionary response of organisms to rapid environmental shifts (Metcalf and Pavard 2007, Richard and David 2009, Hoffmann and Sgrò 2011.…”