Iodine status in schoolchildren living in northeast italy:the importance of iodized-salt use and milk consumption

Watutantrige-Fernando, Sara; Barollo, Susi; Nacamulli, Davide; Pozza, D; Giachetti, M.; Frigato, F.; Redaelli, Marco; Zagotto, Giuseppe; Girelli, Maria Elisa; Mantero, Franco; Mian, Caterina

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.44

Cited by 34 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The importance of milk and dairy consumption to iodine prophylaxis among schoolchildren across Europe is clear. In countries like France, Germany, Spain, and the UK where iodised salt is not mandatory, milk consumption is a determinant of iodine optimal levels among schoolchildren [17,29,31,32,33]. However, when examining iodine nutrition data from children and pregnant women in the same countries across Europe, it seems evident that pregnant women are at a higher risk for iodine deficiency and may rely more on iodised salt consumption or supplementation to achieve adequate iodine levels compared to children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

et al. 2017

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The World Health Organization promotes salt iodisation to control iodine deficiency. In Portugal, the use of iodised salt in school canteens has been mandatory since 2013. The present study aimed to evaluate iodine status in school-aged children (6–12 years) and to monitor the use of iodised salt in school canteens. A total of 2018 participants were randomly selected to participate in a cross-sectional survey in northern Portugal. Children’s urine and salt samples from households and school canteens were collected. A lifestyle questionnaire was completed by parents to assess children’s eating frequency of iodine food sources. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The median UIC was 129 µg/L which indicates the adequacy of iodine status and 32% of the children had UIC < 100 µg/L. No school canteen implemented the iodised salt policy and only 2% of the households were using iodised salt. Lower consumption of milk, but not fish, was associated with a higher risk of iodine deficiency. Estimation of sodium intake from spot urine samples could be an opportunity for adequate monitoring of population means. Implementation of iodine deficiency control policies should include a monitoring program aligned with the commitment of reducing the population salt intake.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

et al. 2017

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“…As of January 2013, the patients had a mean follow-up of 133±104 months (range 7–396) since their acromegaly was diagnosed. All patients came from borderline iodine intake areas (urinary iodine concentration: 80 mcg/l) [26].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

AHR Over-Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical and Molecular Assessments in a Series of Italian Acromegalic Patients with a Long-Term Follow-Up

et al. 2014

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AimAcromegaly reportedly carries an increased risk of malignant and benign thyroid tumors, with a prevalence of thyroid cancer of around 3–7%. Germline mutations in the aryl-hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) interacting protein (AIP) have been identified in familial forms of acromegaly. The molecular and endocrine relationships between follicular thyroid growth and GH-secreting pituitary adenoma have yet to be fully established. Our aim was to study the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in acromegaly, focusing on the role of genetic events responsible for the onset of thyroid cancer.MethodsGermline mutations in the AIP gene were assessed in all patients; BRAF and H-N-K RAS status was analyzed by direct sequencing in thyroid specimens, while immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the protein expression of AIP and AHR. A set of PTCs unrelated to acromegaly was also studied.Results12 DTCs (10 papillary and 2 follicular carcinomas) were identified in a cohort of 113 acromegalic patients. No differences in GH/IGF-1 levels or disease activity emerged between patients with and without DTC, but the former were older and more often female. BRAF V600E was found in 70% of the papillary thyroid cancers; there were no RAS mutations. AIP protein expression was similar in neoplastic and normal cells, while AHR protein was expressed more in PTCs carrying BRAF mutations than in normal tissue, irrespective of acromegaly status.ConclusionsThe prevalence of DTC in acromegaly is around 11% and endocrinologists should bear this in mind, especially when examining elderly female patients with uninodular goiter. The DTC risk does not seem to correlate with GH/IGF-1 levels, while it may be associated with BRAF mutations and AHR over-expression. Genetic or epigenetic events probably play a part in promoting thyroid carcinoma.

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“…Indeed, Olivieri et al [5] reported that iodized salt accounted for 55% of salt sales in Italy in 2012. Moreover, in recent surveys in northeastern Italy, 70-80% of families declared that they used iodized salt daily [9,11], while in a study conducted in Calabria the percentage of families using iodized salt was 64-82% in rural-urban areas [23]. Of the 136 subjects attending our Center for Secondary Hypertension, 62% declared using iodized salt, since, at the beginning of the study, all these patients had had a consultation with a dietitian and had received written nutritional advice [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nutritional and cultural variables can influence iodine intake. Iodized salt and milk are the main foods that influence UIC in surveys conducted among Italian children [9,11]. Major barriers to iodine intake seem to be immigrant status and poverty, as documented in a cross-sectional survey recently conducted among around 3400 women referred to non-governmental organizations for their health needs [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

et al. 2019

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Italy is considered a mildly iodine-deficient country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine status of a cohort of adults living in Liguria after the 2005 salt iodization program. We searched all medical records of patients examined in two endocrine outpatient clinics in Genoa and Savona for data on urinary iodine. Subjects were under evaluation for thyroid diseases. Information on the type of salt used was found in few clinical records. Iodized salt use was reported in 29%, 20%, and 13% of records of people living in Genoa districts, the Savona district and nearby districts, respectively. The average urinary iodine concentration was 112.9 ± 62.3 µg/L (n = 415, median 101.0 µg/L). Non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were found between subjects with (median 103.5 µg/L) and without (median 97.5 µg/L) a thyroid gland, between the periods 2009–2013 (median 105.0 µg/L) and 2014–2018 (median 97.5 µg/L), and between Genoa (median 94.0 µg/L), Savona (median 105.0 µg/L) and the other districts (median 114.5 µg/L). No correlation with age, body mass index, creatinine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, levo-thyroxine dosage, or thyroid volume was observed. These data suggest a borderline status of iodine sufficiency in this cohort.

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Iodine status in schoolchildren living in northeast italy:the importance of iodized-salt use and milk consumption

Cited by 34 publications

References 20 publications

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

Iodine Status and Iodised Salt Consumption in Portuguese School-Aged Children: The Iogeneration Study

AHR Over-Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Clinical and Molecular Assessments in a Series of Italian Acromegalic Patients with a Long-Term Follow-Up

Urinary Iodine Concentration in a Cohort of Adult Outpatients with Thyroid Diseases in Liguria 14 Years after the Law on Salt Iodization

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