23
                GHz
           operation of a room temperature photovoltaic quantum cascade detector at 5.35μm

Hofstetter, Daniel; Graf, Marcel; Aellen, Thierry; Faist, Jérôme; Hvozdara, L.; Blaser, Stéphane

doi:10.1063/1.2269408

Cited by 61 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…At 10 K, we observed a responsivity of 1.72 mA/W and a Johnson noise limited detectivity of 2.2 × 10 9 cm √ Hz/W. Altogether, this design resulted in detection at temperatures of up to 90 K. Based on the similar detection mechanisms of QCDs and QWIPs, and extrapolating our high-frequency results with a 5.3-µm QCD [12], we do not expect that an optimised QCD will have a slower response than a QWIP. Although QCDs lack an intrinsic gain mechanism resulting typically in low responsivities on the order of some mA/W, their superior high-frequency and noise properties compared to standard MCT detectors make them very interesting for applications in infrared astronomy.…”

Section: Quantum Cascade Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Applications for quantum cascade lasers and detectors in mid-infrared high-resolution heterodyne astronomy

et al. 2007

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Quantum cascade (QC) structures, for both emitting and detecting mid-infrared radiation, are powerful devices for spectroscopy. QC lasers (QCLs), which have been built for nearly 15 years, already play the leading role in certain wavelength regions. QC detectors (QCDs) are a fairly new development, which has been evolving from the QCL research. In highresolution heterodyne spectrometers for astronomy, such as the Cologne tuneable heterodyne infrared spectrometer (THIS), QC devices help to open new windows to space as discussed in this paper. We will briefly review the use of QC devices in THIS, show recent results in measuring planetary atmospheric dynamics and give an outlook to astronomical goals for the future. High-resolution (R > 10 6 ) spectroscopy with THIS (tuneable heterodyne infrared spectrometer) [1][2][3] provides data of fully resolved molecular lines in the mid infrared. In this wavelength region many molecules, especially those without permanent dipole moment (and thus not observable at radio wavelengths), can be studied. The high resolution allows us to peek through narrow atmospheric windows. It is then possible to deduce physical parameters of planetary trace gases, dynamics in circumstellar envelopes, planetary atmospheres [3], solar features [4], the interstellar medium, etc. The basic principle is to superimpose the signals from the observed astronomical object and the local oscillator (LO), which yields an easy to analyse intermediate frequency in the radio region, still including all spectroscopic information of the source. Currently the instrument uses quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) as LO and a mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detector. Quantum cascade detectors (QCDs) and quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are under investigation to extend the spectral coverage towards longer wavelengths.u Fax: +49-221-470-5162, E-mail: kroetz@ph1.uni-koeln.de InstrumentationDepending on the availability of QCLs the spectrometer is designed for 7-17 µm. Superpositioning of signal and LO is done with a confocal Fabry-Pérot diplexer (see Fig. 1) enhancing the signal-combining efficiency compared to a beam splitter. 60% transmission of the LO signal at the diplexer resonance can be combined to > 95% reflection of the sky signal between the diplexer resonances, whereas with a beam splitter the two values cannot add up to more than 100%. The diplexer also acts as a frequency stabiliser, suppresses incoherent laser emission and minimises the optical feedback to the LO. For calibration purposes the signal can be rapidly switched by a fast scanner mirror from the source to a reference position in the sky, to two calibration loads within the spectrometer and to a reference gas cell. Frequency stability is provided by a commercial stabilised He-Ne laser which the diplexer is locked to. The mixing is performed by a broadband MCT detector, and the frequency analysis by an in-house-built acoustooptical spectrometer (AOS) with an instantaneous bandwidth of 3 GHz and an intrinsic resolution bandwidth o...

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Section: Quantum Cascade Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Applications for quantum cascade lasers and detectors in mid-infrared high-resolution heterodyne astronomy

et al. 2007

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“…In experiments [1][2][3], the electrons move perpendicularly to the planes of three-barrier RTS, thus in MO (25) we put k = 0 and neglect the frequency dependence of MO in the vicinity of E n energies taking into account a weak electron phonon binding (further proven by numeric calculations). To distinguish the role of different mechanisms of electron-I-phonon interaction, one should extract the real and imaginary part in MO…”

Section: -2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The complete and partial shifts and decay rates of electron spectrum in three-barrier RTS were calculated for GaAs/Al x Ga 1−x As nano-structure, being the active element of the experimentally investigated QCD [2,3,17]. The physical parameters are presented in table 1.…”

Section: Parameters Of Electron Spectrum As Functions Of Temperature mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of interface phonons on operating electron states in three-barrier resonant tunneling structure as an active region of quantum cascade detector

Tkach¹,

Seti²,

Grynyshyn³

et al. 2014

Condens. Matter Phys.

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The Hamiltonian of electrons interacting with interface phonons in three-barrier resonant tunneling structure is established using the first principles within the models of effective mass and polarization continuum. Using the Green's functions method, the temperature shifts and decay rates of operating electron states are calculated depending on geometric design of three-barrier nano-structure GaAs/Al x Ga 1−x As which is an active region of quantum cascade detector. It is established that independently of the temperature, the energy of quantum transition during the process of electromagnetic field absorption is a nonlinear weakly varying function of the position of the inner barrier with respect to the outer barriers of the structure.

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“…All these properties make QCLs an ideal candidate for spectroscopic applications. [6][7][8] On the other side, Quantum Cascade Detectors (QCDs) are reliable and stable zero bias devices that offer room temperature operation, high detection speed in the nanosecond range, 9 good noise behavior, 10 and good performance. 11 Therefore, QCDs are perfectly suited for hand-held and mobile applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using narrow mode operation and temperature feedback

Ristanić

Schwarz

Reininger

et al. 2015

Applied Physics Letters

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A method to improve the sensitivity and selectivity of a monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using a distributed feedback laser (DFB) is presented in this paper. The sensor is based on a quantum cascade laser/detector system built from the same epitaxial structure and with the same fabrication approach. The devices are connected via a dielectric-loaded surface plasmon polariton waveguide with a twofold function: it provides high light coupling efficiency and a strong interaction of the light with the environment (e.g., a surrounding fluid). The weakly coupled DFB quantum cascade laser emits narrow mode light with a FWHM of 2 cm−1 at 1586 cm−1. The room temperature laser threshold current density is 3 kA∕cm2 and a pulsed output power of around 200 mW was measured. With the superior laser noise performance, due to narrow mode emission and the compensation of thermal fluctuations, the lower limit of detection was expanded by one order of magnitude to the 10 ppm range.

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23 GHz operation of a room temperature photovoltaic quantum cascade detector at 5.35μm

Cited by 61 publications

References 13 publications

Applications for quantum cascade lasers and detectors in mid-infrared high-resolution heterodyne astronomy

Applications for quantum cascade lasers and detectors in mid-infrared high-resolution heterodyne astronomy

The effect of interface phonons on operating electron states in three-barrier resonant tunneling structure as an active region of quantum cascade detector

Monolithically integrated mid-infrared sensor using narrow mode operation and temperature feedback

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