20-Year Trend of CVD Risk Factors: Urban and Rural National Capital
                        Region of India

Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Roy, Ambuj; Praveen, Pradeep A.; Gupta, Ruby; Amarchand, Ritvik; Kondal, Dimple; Singh, Kalpana; Sharma, Meenakshi; Shukla, Deepak; Tandon, Nikhil; Reddy, K. Srinath; Krishnan, Anand

doi:10.1016/j.gheart.2016.11.004

Cited by 36 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The details of the methodology including sample size calculation and sampling strategies have already been published. 14 Accordingly, samples of sizes 3048 and 2052 in urban area and 2487 and 1917 in rural area were recruited in survey 1 and survey 2 respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The details of data collection have been described elsewhere. 14 Briefly, in both the surveys, all sampled individuals were approached and explained about the survey and their consent obtained for participation. Information on sociodemographic profile, smoking habits, alcohol use, diabetes, hypertension were collected using standardised tools by trained interviewers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Change in prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease and its risk between 1991-94 to 2010-12 among rural and urban population of National Capital Region, Delhi

Krishnan¹,

Asadullah²,

Roy³

et al. 2020

Indian Heart Journal

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Objectives We aimed to measure the change in prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) risk among those aged 35–64 years in urban and rural areas of National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, between 1991-1994 (survey 1) and 2010–2012 (survey 2). Methods Both surveys used similar sampling methodology and mean ages of participants were similar. A total of 3048 and 2052 subjects were studied in urban Delhi and 2487 and 1917 participants recruited from rural Ballabgarh in survey 1 and in survey 2 respectively. CHD was diagnosed based on a Minnesota coded ECG and Rose angina questionnaire. Data on behavioural, physical, clinical and biochemical parameters were collected using standard methods. CVD Risk of participants was calculated using the gender specific Framingham risk equation. Results The age and sex standardised prevalence of CHD in urban Delhi increased from 10.3% (95% CI: 9.2–11.4) to 14.1% (95% CI: 12.6–15.6) between the two surveys as compared to an increase from 6.0% (95% CI: 5.0–6.9) to 7.4% (95% CI: 6.3–8.6) in rural Ballabgarh. The highest increase in the prevalence of CHD was reported among urban women (10.1% to 16.6%).The proportion of population with high 10-year CVD risk increased to 4.1% from 1.2% in rural areas as compared to 4.8% from 2.5% in urban areas. Conclusions The CHD and CVD risk has increased over 20 years period in and around Delhi and the increase was more in rural population and women, traditionally considered to be at low risk.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease and its risk between 1991-94 to 2010-12 among rural and urban population of National Capital Region, Delhi

Krishnan¹,

Asadullah²,

Roy³

et al. 2020

Indian Heart Journal

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“…The details of sample size calculation were published elsewhere. 11 Based on this, 5535 participants were recruited for survey 1 (urban: 3048; rural: 2487) and 3969 were recruited for survey 2 (urban: 2052; rural: 1917). In both surveys, all eligible individuals from the primary sampling unit (household) were approached for their consent to participate in the survey.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates over 20 years in National Capital Region of India: results from a repeat cross-sectional study

et al. 2017

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Background and objectivesDespite being one of the leading risk factors of cardiovascular mortality, there are limited data on changes in hypertension burden and management from India. This study evaluates trend in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the urban and rural areas of India’s National Capital Region (NCR).Design and settingTwo representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted in urban and rural areas (survey 1 (1991–1994); survey 2 (2010–2012)) of NCR using similar methodologies.ParticipantsA total of 3048 (mean age: 46.8±9.0 years; 52.3% women) and 2052 (mean age: 46.5±8.4 years; 54.2% women) subjects of urban areas and 2487 (mean age: 46.6±8.8 years; 57.0% women) and 1917 (mean age: 46.5±8.5 years; 51.3% women) subjects of rural areas were included in survey 1 and survey 2, respectively.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHypertension was defined as per Joint National Committee VII guidelines. Structured questionnaire was used to measure the awareness and treatment status of hypertension. A mean systolic blood pressure <140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg was defined as control of hypertension among the participants with hypertension.ResultsThe age and sex standardised prevalence of hypertension increased from 23.0% to 42.2% (p<0.001) and 11.2% to 28.9% (p<0.001) in urban and rural NCR, respectively. In both surveys, those with high education, alcohol use, obesity and high fasting blood glucose were at a higher risk for hypertension. However, the change in hypertension prevalence between the surveys was independent of these risk factors (adjusted OR (95% CI): urban (2.3 (2.0 to 2.7)) rural (3.1 (2.4 to 4.0))). Overall, there was no improvement in awareness, treatment and control rates of hypertension in the population.ConclusionThere was marked increase in prevalence of hypertension over two decades with no improvement in management.

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“…Fructose consumption has significantly increased in Western diets over the last few decades, as many prepared beverages and foods have added sucrose or high fructose corn syrup [1]. Western diet consumption is linked to metabolic syndrome (MeS) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) development, as well as their complications, including non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and diabetic nephropathy [2][3][4]. In animal models, high fructose diets rapidly cause features of MeS including: dyslipidemia, fatty liver, hypertension, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Treatment Does Not Ameliorate the Metabolic Changes in Rats Presenting Dysbiosis After Consuming a High Fructose Diet

et al. 2020

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High fructose consumption is one of the hallmarks of Western diets and has been found to induce MeS symptoms in parallel to gut microbial dysbiosis. However, the causality between those two is still elusive. Here, we studied whether a significant modification of gut microbial composition by antibiotics can influence the fructose-induced metabolic changes. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups including controls, controls + antibiotics, high fructose diet (HFrD, 60% fructose), HFrD + antibiotics (n = 7–8 in each group) for a period of 8-weeks. The high fructose diet increased blood pressure (BP), triglyceride (TG), fatty liver and the expression of hepatic genes related to lipogenesis, and fructose transport and metabolism. In addition, fructose changed the microbial composition and increased acetic and butyric acids in fecal samples but not in the blood. Antibiotic treatment significantly reduced microbial diversity and modified the microbial composition in the samples. However, minimal or no effect was seen in the metabolic phenotypes. In conclusion, high fructose consumption (60%) induced metabolic changes and dysbiosis in rats. However, antibiotic treatment did not reverse the metabolic phenotype. Therefore, the metabolic changes are probably independent of a specific microbiome profile.

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20-Year Trend of CVD Risk Factors: Urban and Rural National Capital Region of India

Abstract: The study indicates an overall worsening of population levels of all cardiovascular disease risk factors in National Capital Region over past 20 years, though some signs of stabilization and reversal are seen in urban Delhi.

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Change in prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease and its risk between 1991-94 to 2010-12 among rural and urban population of National Capital Region, Delhi

Change in prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease and its risk between 1991-94 to 2010-12 among rural and urban population of National Capital Region, Delhi

Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates over 20 years in National Capital Region of India: results from a repeat cross-sectional study

Antibiotic Treatment Does Not Ameliorate the Metabolic Changes in Rats Presenting Dysbiosis After Consuming a High Fructose Diet

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