2 The Kidney

Hickman, Cleveland P.; Trump, Benjamin F.

doi:10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60083-7

Cited by 196 publications

(210 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…The most important adjustment reported in kidney function in these species is reduced urine flow (Hickman & Trump 1969;Davis & Simco 1976;Norton & Davis 1977;Hentschel 1978). Our results showed a similar response as in other stenohaline freshwater species: decreased UFR in response to increased environmental salinity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of different levels of salinity on gill and kidney function in common carpCyprinus carpio(Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Salati

Baghbanzadeh

Soltani

et al. 2011

Italian Journal of Zoology

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Common carp is generally considered to be a stenohaline freshwater fish, but can tolerate a wide range of salinities and is therefore a good candidate for rearing in brackish water. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of environmental salinity on osmoregulatory mechanisms in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Seventy-five healthy adults of C. carpio were randomly divided into five groups kept in salinities of at least 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/l NaCl and a control (tap water) group. The salinity was gradually increased by 3 g/l daily, until the desired concentration for each group was reached. Then the urinary papilla was catheterized to allow urine collection. Urine was collected once daily for 14 days and after this period blood and gill tissue were sampled and plasma electrolytes and gill Na + -K + ATPase activity were assayed. Plasma sodium and chloride significantly increased in response to increased environmental salinity (P≤0.05). Gill Na + -K + ATPase activity had significantly increased in response to increased environmental salinity (P≤0.05). Our results showed that common carp can tolerate environmental salinities up to at least 12 g/l, but survival at salinities of at least 6 g/l and higher requires profound changes in function of gill and kidney as principal osmoregulatory organs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effect of different levels of salinity on gill and kidney function in common carpCyprinus carpio(Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Salati

Baghbanzadeh

Soltani

et al. 2011

Italian Journal of Zoology

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“…Transtubular (plasma-to-urine) osmotic gradients of 500 -680 mosmol/kgH 2 12,27). The mechanism(s) underlying the ability of the elasmobranch kidney to generate such large and unique transtubular osmotic gradients remains to be elucidated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of low environmental salinity on plasma composition and renal function of the Atlantic stingray, a euryhaline elasmobranch

Janech¹,

Fitzgibbon²,

Ploth³

et al. 2006

American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology

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. Effect of low environmental salinity on plasma composition and renal function of the Atlantic stingray, a euryhaline elasmobranch. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F770 -F780, 2006. First published April 11, 2006 doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00026.2006.-Marine elasmobranchs maintain internal osmolality higher than their external environment, resulting in an osmotic gradient for branchial water uptake. This gradient is markedly increased in low-salinity habitats. The subsequent increase in water uptake presents a challenge to volume homeostasis. The Atlantic stingray is a marine elasmobranch that inhabits a remarkable range of environmental salinities. We hypothesized that the ability of these stingrays to regulate fluid volume in low-salinity environments is due primarily to a renal glomerular and tubular functional reserve. We tested this hypothesis by measuring renal excretory function after a rapid and sustained 50% reduction in the osmolality of the external medium. Atlantic stingrays were maintained in harbor water [control salinity (CS) ϳ850 mosmol/kgH 2O] for 1 wk. Rays were then either transferred to diluted harbor water [low salinity (LS) ϳ440 mosmol/kgH 2O] or maintained in CS for a further 24 h. Renal excretory function was markedly higher in the rays subjected to low salinity. Glomerular filtration rate was threefold higher and urine flow rate ninefold higher in the LS group. The clearance of solute-free water was greater, and solute-free water comprised a significantly larger proportion of the urine output for the stingrays transferred to dilute harbor water. We conclude that 1) the kidneys of Atlantic stingrays have a remarkable glomerular and tubular functional reserve, and 2) the marked increase in renal function attenuates the increase in fluid volume when these fish move into low-salinity habitats. free water clearance; glomerular filtration rate; tubular urea reabsorption IN GENERAL, MARINE ELASMOBRANCH fishes (sharks, skates, and rays) maintain body fluids hyperosmotic to the ambient environment as part of their osmo-and volume-regulatory strategies. In the ocean, for example, plasma osmolality is 2-10% higher than the osmolality of the surrounding seawater (for review, see Ref. 28), this being due to their ability to maintain high Na ϩ , Cl Ϫ , and urea concentrations in the extracellular fluid (for review, see Refs. 28 and 51).Most species of marine elasmobranchs are confined to marine habitats (9) and only encounter relatively small variations in environmental salinity. However, some species are found in estuaries, as well as marine environments, and therefore can be considered marginally euryhaline (9). Furthermore, a small number of species are euryhaline; i.e., they are able to reside in marine, estuarine, riverine, and even freshwater habitats for extended periods of time. Although, these euryhaline elasmobranchs appear to migrate between habitats on a seasonal basis (48, 54), at least one species, the Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, can reproduce and complete its life cycle in freshwat...

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“…The GBM in A. naccarii is about three times as thick as that of the freshwater and marine teleosts (Hickman and Trump, 1969;Zuasti et al, 1983), and about 15% thicker than that of the freshwater sturgeon A. ruthenus (Gambaryan, 1988). In mammals, the mature GBM forms by fusion of three initially independent BMs: the podocyte BM, the mesangial BM, and the capillary BM (Abrahamson, 1987).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal corpuscle of the sturgeon kidney: An ultrastructural, chemical dissection, and lectin‐binding study

2003

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The sturgeon is an ancient species of fish that thrives in a wide range of ecological environments, from freshwater to seawater. Basic in this process of adaptation is the ability of the kidney to control fluid filtration and urine formation. However, the morphological basis of this process is mostly unknown. The aim of the present study was to use microdissection techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and lectin-binding histochemistry) to examine the structure of the renal corpuscle of the sturgeon Acipenser nacarii in order to reveal morphologic features that could be related to function, phylogeny, and habitat. The renal corpuscles are aligned along the intrarrenal arteries. The urinary pole shows a siphon-like neck segment (NS) in 92% of the nephrons, whose structural characteristics are different from those of other fish. The podocytes have cuboidal cellular bodies, intercellular contacts, and poorly developed cell processes. The podocyte glycocalyx contains N-acetylglucosamine and lacks sialic acid. The structural and lectin-binding patterns are similar to those found in the immature mammalian kidney. The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is very thick and consists of three layers: a lamina rara externa, a lamina densa, and a thick subendothelial lamina. The latter contains tubular microfibrils, collagen fibers, and long mesangial cell processes. Frequently, the podocyte bodies attach directly to the GBM, and the area occupied by the filtration slits is very small. Furthermore, the GBM shows a glycosylation pattern different from that observed in most vertebrates. Contrary to what would be expected in sturgeons living in freshwater, the A. nacarii renal corpuscle morphology suggests a low glomerular filtration rate. Anat Rec Part A 272A: 563-573, 2003.

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2 The Kidney

Cited by 196 publications

References 159 publications

Effect of different levels of salinity on gill and kidney function in common carpCyprinus carpio(Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Effect of different levels of salinity on gill and kidney function in common carpCyprinus carpio(Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Effect of low environmental salinity on plasma composition and renal function of the Atlantic stingray, a euryhaline elasmobranch

Renal corpuscle of the sturgeon kidney: An ultrastructural, chemical dissection, and lectin‐binding study

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