Effect of different levels of salinity on gill and kidney function in common carpCyprinus carpio(Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Abstract

Common carp is generally considered to be a stenohaline freshwater fish, but can tolerate a wide range of salinities and is therefore a good candidate for rearing in brackish water. The present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of environmental salinity on osmoregulatory mechanisms in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Seventy-five healthy adults of C. carpio were randomly divided into five groups kept in salinities of at least 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/l NaCl and a control (tap water) group. The salinity was gradually increased by 3 g/l daily, until the desired concentration for each group was reached. Then the urinary papilla was catheterized to allow urine collection. Urine was collected once daily for 14 days and after this period blood and gill tissue were sampled and plasma electrolytes and gill Na + -K + ATPase activity were assayed. Plasma sodium and chloride significantly increased in response to increased environmental salinity (P≤0.05). Gill Na + -K + ATPase activity had significantly increased in response to increased environmental salinity (P≤0.05). Our results showed that common carp can tolerate environmental salinities up to at least 12 g/l, but survival at salinities of at least 6 g/l and higher requires profound changes in function of gill and kidney as principal osmoregulatory organs.

Salinity stress-induced differentially expressed miRNAs and target genes in sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus

“…Hypo-osmoregulation usually involves Cl − -and Na +excretion-related genes, such as NKA, NKCC, CFTR anion channels, and claudin transmembrane proteins, which provide a driving force for ion transport systems in osmoregulatory epithelia (Evans et al 2005;Tipsmark et al 2008;Choe et al 2007 Evans andClaiborne 2006). NKA has been shown to play an important role during salinity adaptation in many species, including Sarotherodon melanotheron (Ouattara et al 2009), O. mossambicus (Fiess et al 2007), and Cyprinus carpio (Salati et al 2011). The abundance of NKA in sea cucumbers was consistent with the above results, suggesting that NKA also plays an important role in salt stress in sea cucumbers.…”

Effect of salinity changes on growth, survival and biochemical parameters of freshwater fish Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)

“…Specific growth rate, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were also significantly diminished with an increase in salinity level (Wang et al, 1997). It has been reported that long term exposure to salinity can have significant impact on growth, survival, haematological and biochemical parameters of Ctenopharyngodon idella (Kilambi and Zdinak, 1980), L. rohita (Devika et al, 2003;Akhtar et al, 2013;Islam et al, 2014;Sarma et al, 2020), Clarias batrachus (Sahoo et al, 2003;Verma et al, 2011;Sarma et al, 2013), Notopterus notopterus (Kavya et al, 2015) and also in Cyprinus carpio (Salati et al, 2011;Mangat and Hundal, 2014;Mubarik et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2020;Iffat et al, 2021).…”

“…Moreover, higher salinity has been known to disrupt epithelium with diffuse oedema of both primary and secondary lamellae and this could be the reason for 100% mortality of fish fingerlings in 9 ppt salinity (Holliday and Jones, 1967). Low survival at higher salinities have also been reported in Cyprinus carpio (Salati et al, 2011;Mangat and Hundal, 2014;Mubarik et al, 2015;Singh et al, 2018;Singh et al, 2020;Iffat et al, 2021), Carassius auratus (Lawson and Alake, 2011) and L. rohita (Islam et al, 2014;Kumar et al, 2018;Murmu et al, 2019;Sarma et al, 2020). In the present study, the specific growth rate (SGR %) and body weight gain (BWG) significantly decreased with increase in salinity levels.…”

Exposure to salinity stress cause ovarian disruption in a stenohaline freshwater teleost, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)

“…According to Venice salinity system, the stable salinity range for marine fish varies from 30 to 40 parts per thousand (ppt) and for freshwater fish is <0.5 ppt (IAL & IUBS, ). There is special energy‐dependent osmoregulatory mechanism in fish for regulation of ionic homoeostasis in euryhaline (Mandal et al, ; Sampaio & Bianchini, ) as well as in stenohaline (Salati, Baghbanzadeh, Soltani, Peyghan, & Riazi, ) fish. In strictly marine or strictly freshwater teleosts that inhabit the environment of stable salinity, steady‐state osmoregulatory mechanisms are sufficient to maintain physiological homoeostasis (see Kultz, ).…”

“…Saline exposure affected gonadal development, spermatogenesis and plasma level of sex steroids in euryhaline fish (Mandal et al, 2017;Moharram, 1999;Su, Duan, Shi, & Zhang, 2019). Effects of salinity on various biological/physiological activities such as osmoregulatory homoeostasis, growth, food intake and survival have been studied in detail in stenohaline fish (Dubey, Trivedi, Chand, Mandal, & Rout, 2016;Salati et al, 2011;Zaaim, Christianus, & Ismail, 2017), but on reproduction/reproductive system was limited to the study of gonadosomatic index (GSI) only (Kang'ombe & Brown, 2008)..…”