2-Phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) degradation by ozonation: Kinetics, phosphorus transformation, anti-precipitation property changes and phosphorus removal

Formation and Inhibition of Calcium Carbonate Crystals under Cathodic Polarization Conditions

“…A series of scale inhibitors have been developed [16][17][18]. PBTCA (2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid) is currently widely used as a scale and corrosion inhibitor because of its low phosphorus content and good scale-and corrosion-inhibition performance [19][20][21]. However, there are few reports on the formation and control of scaling substances on the surface of cathodes in equipment such as electrocatalytic oxidation.…”

Enhanced Production and Recovery of Orthophosphate from Wastewater Containing Phosphonate 1-Hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic Acid through Combined Packed-Bed Ozonation and Adsorption

“…13 However, some phosphonates (such as PBTCA) are O 3 -recalcitrant substances (second-order rate constants k O 3 , PBTCA = 0.12 ± 0.002 L mol −1 s −1 ) and can be only partially eliminated by ozonation at high doses, as such causing high operational costs. 11,13,15 Moreover, coagulation as a post-treatment requires the addition of chemicals and generates sludge with low dry weight content. 19 The disposal of sludge by filtration, sedimentation, or dewatering, next to the cost of the coagulants, further increases the operational expenses.…”

“…9−11 Phosphonates have superior performance in acting as the chelating agent for metals and inhibiting crystal growth and scale formation. 12,13 They are used in an increasing variety of industrial and household applications including cooling water systems, reverse osmosis (RO) technology, oil production, textile industry, and detergents. 12−16 In recent years, due to the increased awareness of the importance of phosphonates, P removal and recovery from phosphonates in aqueous waste streams were investigated.…”

“…12−16 In recent years, due to the increased awareness of the importance of phosphonates, P removal and recovery from phosphonates in aqueous waste streams were investigated. 3,13,16−18 P. 7,13,17,18 For instance, Xu et al recommended a combination of ozonation and coagulation to treat a phosphonate [2phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA)] used as an antiscalant in an RO system. 13 However, some phosphonates (such as PBTCA) are O 3 -recalcitrant substances (second-order rate constants k O 3 , PBTCA = 0.12 ± 0.002 L mol −1 s −1 ) and can be only partially eliminated by ozonation at high doses, as such causing high operational costs.…”

“…Phosphorus (P) is an important nonrenewable natural resource but also an environmental pollutant, the excess of which in aquatic ecosystems can cause eutrophication. − The P removal from water or wastewater streams and P recovery for beneficial reuse are a sustainable solution to address the problem of mineral P scarcity and P-based eutrophication, which has become a research hotspot. − In water, P can be present in many forms, including orthophosphate (Ortho-P), phosphorus esters, and phosphonates, which have different environmental impacts, removability, and recoverability. , Phosphonates are complexing agents containing one or more C–P bonds, which are generally classified as nonreactive and nonbioavailable P and must first be converted to reactive P (i.e., Ortho-P) before conducting P recovery strategies. − Phosphonates have superior performance in acting as the chelating agent for metals and inhibiting crystal growth and scale formation. , They are used in an increasing variety of industrial and household applications including cooling water systems, reverse osmosis (RO) technology, oil production, textile industry, and detergents. − …”