“…But the huge wavelength difference between the pump laser and emission laser will result in a severe quantum defect, which further leads to a serious thermal effect inside the Tm 3+ -doped laser crystal. 5) Moreover, other non-lasing effects including non-radiative relaxation, 6) concentration quenching, 7) excited state absorption 8) as well as up conversion, 9) which typically exist in a quasi-three energy level, also together aggravate the thermal effect. The thermal effect leads to a non-homogeneous temperature gradient distribution inside the Tm 3+ -doped laser crystal, and further results in a transverse gradient change of the refractive index, 10,11) i.e.…”