2 Ecological Biogeography of Lichen-Forming Fungi

Leavitt, Steven D.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29532-9_2

Cited by 19 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…Feliner, ; Sork, Gugger, Chen, & Werth, ). One of the more striking examples is that of lichen‐forming fungi, a group of symbiotic organisms which includes members of the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, with at least 19,400 currently accepted species so far (Lücking, Hodkinson, & Leavitt, ), for which comparatively few detailed phylogeographical studies are available (Leavitt & Lumbsch, ; Werth, , and references therein).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How did terricolous fungi originate in the Mediterranean region? A case study with a gypsicolous lichenized species

Chiva

Garrido‐Benavent

Moya

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim: The historical causes responsible for the wide distribution of terricolous, crustose lichenized fungi across the Mediterranean Basin and the Canary Islands have never been explored. Here, we used the terricolous, circum-Mediterranean/Macaronesian species Buellia zoharyi (Caliciaceae, Ascomycota) to infer the time frame, and the climatic, geological and ecological factors influencing the origin and current spatial distribution of this species. Location: Mediterranean Basin and Canary Islands. Methods: Data from two nuclear markers (nrITS and tef1) obtained from 226 specimens of 23 populations covering the entire distribution range of B. zoharyi were used to calculate genetic diversity indices and haplotype networks and to investigate population size changes and structure. Three secondary calibrations were used to estimate the timing of the divergence of B. zoharyi from its hypothesized sister species, B. elegans, and the diversification of B. zoharyi. Results: We found low nucleotide diversity and two geographically differentiated haplogroups, with a contact zone in the Iberian Peninsula. The three dating approaches established wide temporal windows for the divergence of B. zoharyi from B. elegans (Eocene-Pliocene) and its diversification (Miocene-Pleistocene). These intervals overlap with the origin and diversification ages found in other lichen-forming fungi and vascular plants inhabiting the Mediterranean region. Main conclusions: In the context of lichen biogeography, our results support ecological specialization as well as geological and climatic events as drivers of the evolutionary history of B. zoharyi in the Mediterranean. In particular, the combined effects of the Messinian salinity crisis and the subsequent Zanclean Flood on the availability of gypsum soils in the Mediterranean Basin, as well as the Quaternary climatic oscillations, seem to have collectively shaped the amount and distribution of B. zoharyi population genetic diversity. K E Y W O R D S biogeography, Buellia zoharyi, ecological speciation, gypsum soils, Messinian salinity crisis, Zanclean Flood

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How did terricolous fungi originate in the Mediterranean region? A case study with a gypsicolous lichenized species

Chiva

Garrido‐Benavent

Moya

et al. 2019

Journal of Biogeography

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“…Species distributions of lichen-forming fungi range from truly widespread, intercontinental species with broad ecological amplitude ( Wirtz et al, 2008 ; Fernández-Mendoza et al, 2011 ) to those with geographically and ecologically restricted distributions ( Lücking et al, 2016a ). While factors determining the establishment of populations of cosmopolitan species of lichen-forming fungi are not well understood, dynamic interactions among a variety of historical and ecological factors play important roles in determining species distributions ( Leavitt and Lumbsch, 2016 ), e.g., reproductive strategies ( Hilmo et al, 2012 ), availability of symbiotic partners ( Fernández-Mendoza and Printzen, 2013 ; Werth and Sork, 2014 ), niche incumbency ( Culberson and Culberson, 1967 ), and historical biogeography ( Weber, 2003 ; Amo de Paz et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple, Distinct Intercontinental Lineages but Isolation of Australian Populations in a Cosmopolitan Lichen-Forming Fungal Taxon, Psora decipiens (Psoraceae, Ascomycota)

et al. 2018

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Multiple drivers shape the spatial distribution of species, including dispersal capacity, niche incumbency, climate variability, orographic barriers, and plate tectonics. However, biogeographic patterns of fungi commonly do not fit conventional expectations based on studies of animals and plants. Fungi, in general, are known to occur across exceedingly broad, intercontinental distributions, including some important components of biological soil crust communities (BSCs). However, molecular data often reveal unexpected biogeographic patterns in lichenized fungal species that are assumed to have cosmopolitan distributions. The lichen-forming fungal species Psora decipiens is found on all continents, except Antarctica and occurs in BSCs across diverse habitats, ranging from hot, arid deserts to alpine habitats. In order to better understand factors that shape population structure in cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungal species, we investigated biogeographic patterns in the cosmopolitan taxon P. decipiens, along with the closely related taxa P. crenata and P. saviczii. We generated a multi-locus sequence dataset based on a worldwide sampling of these taxa in order to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and explore phylogeographic patterns. Both P. crenata and P. decipiens were not recovered as monophyletic; and P. saviczii specimens were recovered as a monophyletic clade closely related to a number of lineages comprised of specimens representing P. decipiens. Striking phylogeographic patterns were observed for P. crenata, with populations from distinct geographic regions belonging to well-separated, monophyletic lineages. South African populations of P. crenata were further divided into well-supported sub-clades. While well-supported phylogenetic substructure was also observed for the nominal taxon P. decipiens, nearly all lineages were comprised of specimens collected from intercontinental populations. However, all Australian specimens representing P. decipiens were recovered within a single well-supported monophyletic clade consisting solely of Australian samples. Our study supports up to 10 candidate species-level lineages in P. decipiens, based on genealogical concordance and coalescent-based species delimitation analyses. Our results support the general pattern of the biogeographic isolation of lichen-forming fungal populations in Australia, even in cases where closely related congeners have documented intercontinental distributions. Our study has important implications for understanding factors influencing diversification and distributions of lichens associated with BSC.

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“…We view this conservative property as desirable, both philosophically (to avoid overestimating potential changes) and operationally (to avoid dependence on parameterizing dispersal kernels, distances to known populations, rates of propagule production and release, etc.). Nonetheless, improved knowledge of dispersal and adaptation processes could strengthen our vulnerability approach, given the mutual importance of both dispersal and strong environmental filtering during establishment for explaining lichen biogeographic distributions (Leavitt & Lumbsch, ; Tripp, Lendemer, Barberán, Dunn, & Fierer, ; Werth et al, ). We explored the possible effects of climatic changes in removing species from local communities, but future modifications might also incorporate other ecological processes that may remove species, such as competitive selection and ecological drift, or processes that can introduce species, like immigration and speciation (Vellend, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climatic niche limits and community‐level vulnerability of obligate symbioses

Smith

Jovan

McCune

2019

Journal of Biogeography

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Aim Communities with many species at their climatic niche limits may be vulnerable to species losses, suggesting that niche‐based measures can inform vulnerability assessments. We aimed to quantify spatial variation in community‐level vulnerability indices based on niche limits, not just central tendencies, to predict where climate changes will produce rapid, pronounced shifts in ecological communities. Location North America. Taxon Epiphytic lichenized fungi. Methods We integrated broad‐extent herbarium data (46,343 North American sites, for estimation of realized niches) with systematic, whole‐community macrolichen surveys from the U.S. Forest Inventory and Analysis inventory (6,474 U.S. sites, for standardized vulnerability estimation). We introduce three niche‐based vulnerability indices describing (a) percentage of vulnerable species occurring at their upper climatic limits, (b) community‐mean percentile, and (c) deviation of local conditions from community‐mean upper limits. We also performed sensitivity analyses and evaluated vulnerability in future climate change scenarios. Results Sensitivity of indices to uncertainty in climate variables was minor. Present‐day vulnerability was greatest in north‐central California, in the Southwest along the western Colorado Plateau, and on the Southeastern coastal plain—locations where climatically‐induced compositional changes will become most evident. Under future warming scenarios (+0.5 to + 3.6°C increases), the percentage of U.S. epiphytic macrolichen communities exceeding critical values grew from about 2%–20%. Main conclusions In all scenarios the most vulnerable communities were concentrated in low‐elevation and southerly locations, suggesting that many ostensibly “warm‐adapted” communities may be close to exceeding their climatic limits. Findings indicate that warming and moisture changes will modify community compositions through the local loss of intolerant species pushed beyond their niche limits. Assessing vulnerability of bioindicators such as lichens will help prioritize locations where the greatest climate‐induced changes in species distributions and diversity will occur.

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2 Ecological Biogeography of Lichen-Forming Fungi

Cited by 19 publications

References 166 publications

How did terricolous fungi originate in the Mediterranean region? A case study with a gypsicolous lichenized species

How did terricolous fungi originate in the Mediterranean region? A case study with a gypsicolous lichenized species

Multiple, Distinct Intercontinental Lineages but Isolation of Australian Populations in a Cosmopolitan Lichen-Forming Fungal Taxon, Psora decipiens (Psoraceae, Ascomycota)

Climatic niche limits and community‐level vulnerability of obligate symbioses

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