2&amp;#x00D7;(4&amp;#x00D7;)128 time-gated CMOS single photon avalanche diode line detector with 100 ps resolution for Raman spectroscopy

Nissinen, Ilkka; Lansman, A.-K; Nissinen, Jan; Holma, Jouni; Kostamovaara, J.

doi:10.1109/esscirc.2013.6649130

Cited by 11 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…A different approach was chosen in [126,130,131], where a 2×(4)×128 SPAD array, again in a standard 0.35 µm CMOS process, featured 4 sub-ns time gates during which the on-chip electronics counts the number of detected photons. This architecture also allowed to determine, in addition to the Raman signal, the level of the residual fluorescence and DCR.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

et al. 2019

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Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively “smarter” sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.

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Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

et al. 2019

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“…CMOS technologies also enable one to construct 2-D detector arrays, which opens up a possibility for manufacturing time-gated Raman spectroscopy devices for use in out-oflaboratory applications. Time-gated SPAD arrays having time gates from 700 ps to shorter than 100 ps have already been published, for example, and are demonstrated in references [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4 × 128 SPAD array with a 78-ps 512-channel TDC for time-gated pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Nissinen

Holma

et al. 2015

Analog Integr Circ Sig Process

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A time-gated 4 9 128 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line array with a 512-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 lm high voltage CMOS technology for pulsed Raman spectroscopy. In Raman spectroscopy the SPAD array can be designed as a line array with a high fill factor because the electronics can be placed on either side of it. The resolution of the designed TDC is 80 ps in the first four bins, to achieve an accurate time position of the Raman photons, while the last four bins are increased in width to achieve a larger dynamic range. The measured standard deviation of the variation in the width of the first four bins of the 512-channel TDC was less than 10 ps. In addition, crosstalk measurements were carried out to investigate the probability of cross-talk between adjacent SPADs in an array of high density. These showed a cross-talk probability of 0.12 % with a pitch of 32 lm between adjacent SPADs. The highest probability of cross-talk was found to occur with a short delay.

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“…For example, CMOS technologies can be used to manufacture SPAD arrays for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [4], positron emission tomography [5], time-of-flight (TOF) laser range imaging [6] and time-gated Raman spectroscopy applications [7,8]. These applications need a compact, cheap detector array with time resolving electronics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4×128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Nissinen

Holma

et al. 2014

2014 Norchip

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A time-gated 4x128 Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) line array with a 512-channel Time-to-digital converter (TDC) has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 μm high voltage CMOS technology for pulsed Raman spectroscopy. In Raman spectroscopy the SPAD array can be designed as a line array with a high fill factor because electronics can be designed on either side of the SPAD array. In this paper cross talk measurements of the array have been carried out to investigate the probability of the cross talk between adjacent SPADs in an array with high density. Measurements showed a cross talk probability of 0.11% with a pitch of adjacent SPADs of 32 μm. In addition, the largest probability of the cross talk was measured to occur with a short delay.

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2×(4×)128 time-gated CMOS single photon avalanche diode line detector with 100 ps resolution for Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

A 4 × 128 SPAD array with a 78-ps 512-channel TDC for time-gated pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4×128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy

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2&#x00D7;(4&#x00D7;)128 time-gated CMOS single photon avalanche diode line detector with 100 ps resolution for Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

A 4 × 128 SPAD array with a 78-ps 512-channel TDC for time-gated pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4&#x00D7;128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy

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2×(4×)128 time-gated CMOS single photon avalanche diode line detector with 100 ps resolution for Raman spectroscopy

Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4×128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy