Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4&amp;#x00D7;128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Nissinen, Ilkka; Nissinen, Jan; Holma, Jouni; Kostamovaara, J.

doi:10.1109/norchip.2014.7004711

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Nissinen et al [12] conducted a noise-based coincidence crosstalk study on a 4 × 128 CMOS SPAD line array designed using 0.35-µm HV CMOS technology. On-chip TDCs with a resolution of 78 ps were used to evaluate the crosstalk-timing distribution but only during the first ~250 ps after the breakdown of the emitter.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies and experiments have been performed on crosstalk probability and its dependence on various parameters (distance between two devices, excess voltage, die thickness, etc [9, [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. ), temporal correlation of the crosstalk coincidences in SPAD arrays has not been discussed extensively or has been reported with limited timing resolutions [11,12,17,19,20] (a more detailed review is presented in the Discussion section).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Jahromi

Kostamovaara

2018

Opt. Express

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As the distance between neighboring devices in large CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays is reduced for improving the density, increased crosstalk becomes an important issue, limiting the maximum practical fill factor of the array. In this study, the temporal correlation of crosstalk events, as well as the crosstalk probability, and their dependence on parameters, such as the illumination wavelength and intensity, and the distance between SPADs, are investigated via measurement of a ~45%-fill factor CMOS SPAD array fabricated using 0.35-µm high-voltage CMOS technology. The SPADs have 24 µm × 24 µm square-shaped active areas, and all devices share a common deep-N-well cathode. On-chip time-to-digital converters with 65-ps resolution are used to measure the timing of crosstalk events in "coincidence measurements." For the crosstalk measurements, the internal noise in one SPAD is used to produce crosstalk events in the neighboring devices. The measurement results indicate both optical and electrical crosstalk with the crosstalk events, having a specific temporal distribution. The crosstalk probability in the first two adjacent pixels is found to be 0.3% and 0.01%, with a distribution having full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of 700 and 400 ps, respectively. In pulsed time-of-flight measurements, when one SPAD is triggered with external short-pulsed (FWHM of approximately 200 ps) illumination, extra correlated noise in the adjacent SPADs added to the crosstalk noise, increasing the correlated noise considerably. This additional noise was a secondary effect of the absorbed laser photons deep in the substrate.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Jahromi

Kostamovaara

2018

Opt. Express

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“…Thus we concentrate in this work on studying and measuring the factors affecting the accuracy of the time-gated 4 9 128 SPAD/TDC array, including cross-talk and measurements of time bin inhomogeneity. [12,13]. Four separate SPADs in a single row, i.e., at a spectral point ( Fig.…”

Section: Time-gated Raman Spectroscopy With a Tdcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We present here a 4 9 128 SPAD/time-to-digital converter (TDC) array for time-gated Raman spectroscopy [12,13], and more complete measurement results related to issues affecting the accuracy of the time-gated SPAD array when used with the TDC compared to references above. The 2-D array has 128 pixels in the wavelength direction and four individual SPAD elements in each of the pixel points to increase the area collecting photons at each wavelength/ spectral point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 4 × 128 SPAD array with a 78-ps 512-channel TDC for time-gated pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Nissinen

Holma

et al. 2015

Analog Integr Circ Sig Process

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A time-gated 4 9 128 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) line array with a 512-channel time-to-digital converter (TDC) has been designed and fabricated in a 0.35 lm high voltage CMOS technology for pulsed Raman spectroscopy. In Raman spectroscopy the SPAD array can be designed as a line array with a high fill factor because the electronics can be placed on either side of it. The resolution of the designed TDC is 80 ps in the first four bins, to achieve an accurate time position of the Raman photons, while the last four bins are increased in width to achieve a larger dynamic range. The measured standard deviation of the variation in the width of the first four bins of the 512-channel TDC was less than 10 ps. In addition, crosstalk measurements were carried out to investigate the probability of cross-talk between adjacent SPADs in an array of high density. These showed a cross-talk probability of 0.12 % with a pitch of 32 lm between adjacent SPADs. The highest probability of cross-talk was found to occur with a short delay.

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Cross talk measurements of a time-gated 4×128 SPAD array for pulsed Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 2 publications

References 14 publications

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

Timing and probability of crosstalk in a dense CMOS SPAD array in pulsed TOF applications

A 4 × 128 SPAD array with a 78-ps 512-channel TDC for time-gated pulsed Raman spectroscopy

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