2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles as prospective agents in trypanosomiasis and other parasitoses

Abstract

Parasitic diseases are a serious public health problem affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. African trypanosomiasis, American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis are the main parasitic infections caused by protozoan parasites with over one million deaths each year. Due to old medications and drug resistance worldwide, there is an urgent need for new antiparasitic drugs. 1,3,4-Thiadiazoles have been widely studied for medical applications. The chemical, physical and pharmacokinetic properties recommend 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring as a target in drug development. Many scientific papers report the antiparasitic potential of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles. This review presents synthetic 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles exhibiting antitrypanosomal, antimalarial and antitoxoplasmal activities. Although there are insufficient results to state the quality of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles as a new class of antiparasitic agents, many reported derivatives can be considered as lead compounds for drug synthesis and a promise for the future treatment of parasitosis and provide a valid strategy for the development of potent antiparasitic drugs.

Synthetic Compounds with 2-Amino-1,3,4-Thiadiazole Moiety Against Viral Infections

“…thus increasing the potential of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives to exhibit biological activities [20,[27][28][29]. 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety and its derivatives are known for their antitumor, antitrypanosomal and uricogenic properties [20,25,27,[35][36][37][38]. The pyrimidine nucleus is commonly found in naturally occurring compounds of biochemical importance, as well as in drugs (e.g., pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides, nucleic acids, antiviral drugs), while the pyridazine nucleus is a component of some pharmacologically active compounds [20,[30][31][32].…”

“…The thiadiazole ring is a bioisostere of the pyrimidine and pyridazine rings. 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives are currently being synthesized in many laboratories, and in previous papers, we described several 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular [20,[39][40][41][42][43][44], and antiparasitic activities [27,38]. The thiadiazole ring also acts as a bioisostere of the thiazole ring, and therefore thiadiazole derivatives can act in the same way as third-and fourth-generation antibacterial cephalosporins.…”

“…Most of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds exhibit better biological activity than non-nitrogen compounds [12,16,17]. 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety and its derivatives are known for their antitumor, antitrypanosomal and uricogenic properties [20,25,27,[35][36][37][38]. Most of these drugs (e.g., acyclovir, cidofovir, idoxuridine, nevirapine, pleconaril, ribavirin, etc.)…”

“…Currently, there are approximately 90 drugs approved for use in the treatment of nine human viral infections caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Influenza virus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human papillomavirus [18]. 2-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives are currently being synthesized in many laboratories, and in previous papers, we described several 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles that exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular [20,[39][40][41][42][43][44], and antiparasitic activities [27,38]. are nitrogen heterocycle molecules [3,19].…”

2-Amino-1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives as Potential Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Agents – At a Glance

“…In addition, 2-amino-1,3,4thiadiazole derivatives with antitumour and uricogenic potential have been reported [7,13,18,43]. We already presented some 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles with antimicrobial [25,29], anti-leishmanial [27], antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, antitoxoplasmosis [30] and antiviral activities [31]. This mini-review describes 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives that exhibit anti-H. pylori activity.…”