1H NMR-Based Metabolomics Approach in Investigating the Chemical Profile, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Gynura procumbens and Cleome gynandra

Abstract

Gynura procumbens and Cleome gynandra are two herbs commonly used in Malaysia to treat various ailments and are also consumed as salads (ulam) and vegetables. The present study aims to evaluate the relationship between the chemical compositions of both herbs and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics approach, which is being reported for the first time. Different ethanolic extracts of both herbs were tested for DPPH scavenging and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) via RAW 264.7 macrophage cell induction. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a good separation between the extracts and the corresponding metabolites identified via 1H NMR spectroscopy. The 100% ethanolic extract from both herbs and 20% ethanolic extract of C. gynandra were found to have the best antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Kaempferol, quercetin, caffeoylquinic, dicaffeoylquinic acids, gallic acid, mallic acid, citric acid, phenylalanine, and choline are among the metabolites that contributed to bioactivities. The partial least square (PLS) model for both herbs have an overall acceptable goodness of fit and predictive power, which further strengthens the validity of this study. The present study provides a preliminary reference for the selection of optimum extract and will shed some light on the potential use of G. procumbens and C. gynandra as a phytomedicinal preparation.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Genus Gynura: A Systematic Review

“…Spectroscopic techniques, including UV, IR, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), allow the quantitation of single or multiple compounds that share similarities in their UV absorbance, thus providing a more holistic view of herbal medicines in contrast to the quantitation of a single compound ( Upton et al, 2019 ). Chemical analysis of Gynura species were reported in studies conducted by Kim et al (2011) , Siriwatanametanon and Heinrich (2011) , Wu et al (2013) , Yu et al (2016) , Yuandani et al (2017) , Rahman et al (2018) , Sukadeetad et al (2018) , Dong et al (2019) , Huang et al (2019) , Liu M. et al (2019) , Liu Y. et al (2019) , Nazri et al (2019) , and Chandradevan et al (2020) using methods such as HP-TLC, HPLC, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, 1 H N 13 C NMR, and 2D-NMR.…”

“…The reporting completeness of the material in all selected studies was assessed using information of the Gynura species material, voucher specimens, quality control, and chemical analysis. Naming inconsistency between studies was detected as full botanical taxonomic names were not stated in 13 selected studies ( Iskander et al, 2002 ; Siriwatanametanon and Heinrich, 2011 ; Akowuah et al, 2012 ; Seow et al, 2014 ; Chao et al, 2015 ; Wong et al, 2015 ; Xu et al, 2015 ; Rerknimitr et al, 2016 ; Yin et al, 2017 ; Rahman et al, 2018 ; Pai et al, 2019 ; Yang et al, 2019 ; Chandradevan et al, 2020 ). All plant species need to be validated taxonomically, and the full names have to be clearly stated as the incomplete name of plant species can lead to confusion of readers and any recorded uses or properties attributed may, in fact, correlate to different species.…”

“…Bhd, Semenyih, Malaysia + No No Liu Y. et al (2019) Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr Shanxi Jintai Biol, China − No Yes—LC-MS/MS Chandradevan et al (2020) Gynura procumbens Net house located in the Malaysia Agricultural, Research and development institute (MARDI) + No Yes— 1 H NMR spectroscopy Wu et al (2013) Gynura bicolor (Roxb. and Willd.)…”

“…A total of 17 selected studies ( Siriwatanametanon et al, 2010 ; Kim et al, 2011 ; Akowuah et al, 2012 ; Wu et al, 2013 ; Seow et al, 2014 ; Shwter et al, 2014 ; Chao et al, 2015 ; Wong et al, 2015 ; Yu et al, 2016 ; Yin et al, 2017 ; Yuandani et al, 2017 ; Rahman et al, 2018 ; Sukadeetad et al, 2018 ; Huang et al, 2019 ; Nazri et al, 2019 ; Ning et al, 2019 ; Chandradevan et al, 2020 ) provided the full information about the botanical material and authenticated the Gynura species by depositing voucher specimens. Six selected studies ( Iskander et al, 2002 ; Xu et al, 2015 ; Ma et al, 2017 ; Dong et al, 2019 ; Liu M. et al, 2019 ; Liu Y. et al, 2019 ) reported the information of the Gynura species source but did not provide voucher specimens.…”

“…Of the 27 selected studies, there are seven species of genus Gynura , which are G. procumbens , G. bicolor , G segetum , G. divaricata , G. formosana , G. nepalensis , and G. pseudochina. Among these Gynura species, 11 out of 27 selected studies focused on G. procumbens ( Iskander et al, 2002 ; Kim et al, 2011 ; Akowuah et al, 2012 ; Shwter et al, 2014 ; Wong et al, 2015 ; Huang et al, 2019 ; Liu M. et al, 2019 ; Liu Y. et al, 2019 ; Nazri et al, 2019 ; Ning et al, 2019 ; Chandradevan et al, 2020 ), five studies on G. bicolor ( Wu et al, 2013 ; Chao et al, 2015 ; Yin et al, 2017 ; Pai et al, 2019 ; Yang et al, 2019 ), four studies on G. pseudochina ( Siriwatanametanon et al, 2010 ; Siriwatanametanon and Heinrich, 2011 ; Rerknimitr et al, 2016 ; Sukadeetad et al, 2018 ), two studies on G. segetum ( Seow et al, 2014 ; Yuandani et al, 2017 ), two studies on G. nepalensis ( Yu et al, 2016 ; Rahman et al, 2018 ), two studies on G. divaricata ( Xu et al, 2015 ; Dong et al, 2019 ), and one study on G. formosana ( Ma et al, 2017 ) .…”