Background:Gynura species have been used traditionally to treat various ailments, such as fever, pain, and to control blood glucose level. This systematic review critically discusses studies regarding Gynura species that exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, thus providing perspectives and instructions for future research of the plants as a potential source of new dietary supplements or medicinal agents.Methods: A literature search from internet databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, e-theses Online Service, and ProQuest was carried out using a combination of keywords such as “Gynura,” “antioxidant,” “anti-inflammatory,” or other related words. Research articles were included in this study if they were experimental (in vitro and in vivo) or clinical studies on the antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species and if they were articles published in English.Results: Altogether, 27 studies on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were selected. The antioxidant effects of Gynura species were manifested by inhibition of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation, modulation of glutathione-related parameters, and enzymatic antioxidant production or activities. The anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species were through the modulation of inflammatory cytokine production, inhibition of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide production, cellular inflammatory-related parameters, and inflammation in animal models. The potential anti-inflammatory signaling pathways modulated by Gynura species are glycogen synthase kinase-3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, PPARγ, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. However, most reports on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants were on crude extracts, and the chemical constituents contributing to bioactivities were not clearly understood. There is a variation in quality of studies in terms of design, conduct, and interpretation, and in-depth studies on the underlying mechanisms involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plants are in demand. Moreover, there is limited clinical study on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Gynura species.Conclusion: This review highlighted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of genus Gynura and supported their traditional uses to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. This review is expected to catalyze further studies on genus Gynura. However, extensive preclinical data need to be generated from toxicity and pharmacokinetic studies before clinical studies can be pursued for their development into clinical medicines to treat oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions.
Nitric oxide (NO) overproduction by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be associated with acute and chronic inflammations. Macrophages as important cells in the innate immune system are able to be stimulated and can lead to iNOS activation and excessive NO production. Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant traditionally used in treating various ailments including inflammation but the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of this plant is still elusive. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects of Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract on NO production and iNOS protein expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract was determined by MTT assay. NO production was determined by Griess assay following Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract treatment alone or in combination with LPS stimulation. Protein expression of iNOS was determined by western blot. RAW 264.7 macrophages viability of more than 90% was observed after 24 h treatment with Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract concentration range of 3.9 µg/mL to 500 µg/mL. Significant inhibition of NO production level has been identified in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells pre-treated with 250 µg/mL Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract (p<0.05) while all selected concentrations of Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract showed no significant alteration of NO production in the absence of LPS stimulation. Pre-treatment of 250 µg/mL Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract also demonstrated significant suppression of iNOS protein expression in . In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Gynura procumbens ethanolic extract exhibits anti-inflammatory potential through inhibition of NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, suggesting that this plant could be further researched for its beneficial use in inflammatory disorders. ABSTRAKPenghasilan nitrik oksida (NO) yang berlebihan oleh sintase nitrik oksida teraruh (iNOS) mungkin boleh dikaitkan dengan radang akut dan kronik. Makrofaj sebagai sel yang penting dalam sistem keimunan inat berupaya dirangsang dan menyebabkan aktivasi iNOS dan penghasilan NO yang berlebihan. Gynura procumbens ialah tumbuhan perubatan tempatan yang digunakan secara tradisi untuk merawat pelbagai jenis penyakit termasuk radang namun mekanisme aktiviti anti-radang oleh tumbuhan ini masih sukar difahami. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan terapeutik anti-radang oleh ekstrak etanol Gynura procumbens terhadap penghasilan NO dan ekspresi protein iNOS dalam makrofaj RAW 264.7 yang dirangsang oleh lipopolisakarida (LPS). Kebolehhidupan sel makrofaj RAW 264.7 oleh rawatan ekstrak etanol Gynura procumbens ditentukan dengan asai MTT. Reagen Griess digunakan untuk menentukan penghasilan NO diikuti rawatan ekstrak etanol Gynura procumbens atau dengan gabungan rangsangan LPS. Ekspresi protein iNOS dikaji dengan pemblotan western. Di bawah rawatan ekstrak etanol Gynura pro...
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