“…To date, investigations on the health impact of ECD exposure have focused primarily on the potential for adverse cardiovascular outcomes (Ho et al, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011; Dennis et al, 2007; Levine et al, 2007; Vilke et al, 2007, 2008; Wu et al, 2007; Sloane et al, 2008; Walter et al, 2008; Dawes et al, 2010b,c; VanMeenen et al, 2010). Although direct evaluation of the cardiac activity during ECD exposure is technically challenging [i.e., obtaining direct measures of electrical activity of the heart (e.g., electrocardiogram, ECG) during exposure is made impractical given the electrical energy of the discharge of ECDs], the available evidence suggests that the ECDs have only transient effects on normal healthy hearts.…”