100 Years of Progress in Applied Meteorology. Part III: Additional Applications

Abstract

Applied meteorology is an important and rapidly growing field. This chapter concludes the three-chapter series of this monograph describing how meteorological information can be used to serve society’s needs while at the same time advancing our understanding of the basics of the science. This chapter continues along the lines of Part II of this series by discussing ways that meteorological and climate information can help to improve the output of the agriculture and food-security sector. It also discusses how agriculture alters climate and its long-term implications. It finally pulls together several of the applications discussed by treating the food–energy–water nexus. The remaining topics of this chapter are those that are advancing rapidly with more opportunities for observation and needs for prediction. The study of space weather is advancing our understanding of how the barrage of particles from other planetary bodies in the solar system impacts Earth’s atmosphere. Our ability to predict wildland fires by coupling atmospheric and fire-behavior models is beginning to impact decision-support systems for firefighters. Last, we examine how artificial intelligence is changing the way we predict, emulate, and optimize our meteorological variables and its potential to amplify our capabilities. Many of these advances are directly due to the rapid increase in observational data and computer power. The applications reviewed in this series of chapters are not comprehensive, but they will whet the reader’s appetite for learning more about how meteorology can make a concrete impact on the world’s population by enhancing access to resources, preserving the environment, and feeding back into a better understanding how the pieces of the environmental system interact.

Water supply, waste assimilation, and low‐flow issues facing the Southeast Piedmont Interstate‐85 urban archipelago

“…Water stress is defined by Wada et al (2014) as exceeding a threshold (40%) of available basin water withdrawn. Global distributions of precipitation per person (PPP, Haupt et al, 2018; Shepherd et al, 2020) illustrate that parts of the Southeast United States have PPP values similar to highly water stressed regions of the world including parts of India, Africa, and China. Areas of water supply stress are rare in the eastern United States and are concentrated in the I‐85 corridor (Averyt et al, 2013).…”

100 Years of Progress in Forecasting and NWP Applications

“…Aviation's need for improved forecasts for domestic flight planning (2-8 h) was the primary driver in the United States for establishment of an hourly updated model in the United States in 1998 [Rapid Update Cycle (RUC); Benjamin et al 2004a] and, in 2014, the 3-km convection-allowing HRRR model with radar reflectivity assimilation (Benjamin et al 2016a). Other transportation needs such as road weather also became acute for better forecast guidance (Haupt et al 2019b) in recent years. Improved public response to severe weather outlooks (''watches'' in the United States) and warnings has also driven implementations of convection-allowing models (as shown in Table 13-8, described below).…”