100-km-sensing-range single-ended distributed vibration sensor based on remotely pumped Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

Putten, L. D. van; Masoudi, Ali; Brambilla, Gilberto

doi:10.1364/ol.44.005925

Cited by 43 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This study was conducted along a short length of rail, with a train passing at low-speeds. However, this technique has been shown to work over 100 km [51] so it could be used over similar lengths of track using inexpensive fibres. The sampling rates possible with DAS are much higher (>10 kHz) than commercially available equipment OFDR (<100 Hz) allowing the system to be used for higher line speeds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of railway track behaviour based on distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing

Milne

Masoudi

Ferro

et al. 2020

Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing

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Trackside monitoring of railways provides useful data for understanding the condition and mechanical behaviour of railway track, prior research has shown that railway track performance varies significantly along its length, primarily owing to changing support conditions. Understanding the changing performance along track offers the potential for improved track design and maintenance. Different technologies are used to investigate this. For example, inertial sensors, or high-speed filming with digital image correlation (DIC) for track deflection, and traditional strain gauges for loads. The latter usually rely on in-situ calibration. These techniques are suitable for measurements at discrete locations along the track length but are not suited to measuring performance variability even along a few hundred meters of a railway line. This paper investigates the use of a recently developed sensing system known as distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) that uses optical fibres. This method has the potential to be used over very long lengths of track; offers high sample rates; and has a gauge length and spatial resolution suitable for investigating the load-deflection behaviour of the track. This study presents DAS optical fibre strain measurements from a study site and presents novel methods for determining the rail deflection and the load per sleeper end. The DAS results are compared with point location measurements using a traditional strain gauge and deflections determined using imaging and DIC. The DAS system offers reliable distributed strain measurement that convert to estimates of track deflection and load with the potential for continuous spatial and temporal coverage over significant lengths of track.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of railway track behaviour based on distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing

Milne

Masoudi

Ferro

et al. 2020

Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing

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“…Within the two buildings, it passes through several rooms with switches in which the fibre is connected. This setup thus represents a real-world scenario, especially when compared to other reports that address pure in-laboratory conditions, e.g., [13], [14]. In laboratory A, a data signal is sent down the Fibre Under Test (FUT) using a Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) transceiver operating at 1542.94 nm (ITU channel 43).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of Fibre Optic Links With a Machine Learning-Assisted Low-Cost Polarimeter

et al. 2020

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The optical fibres widely used in telecommunication can be simultaneously used for (distributed) sensing or fibre network self-monitoring. In our work, we monitor changes in the fibre environment via monitoring changes in the state of light polarization without the utilization of methods based on back-scattered light. These changes can generate a vast amount of data, but it is generally not straightforward to extract useful information from them, e.g., future fibre break predictions or earthquake monitoring. We suggest using machine learning to solve this problem. However, since the measured data events are not labelled (i.e., we do not know in advance what fingerprint in the measured data corresponds to a future fibre break), unsupervised machine learning methods must be used. Here, we report a proofof-concept approach in which we use a simple polarimetric technique and installed optical fibre, which we disturb with controlled vibrations, knocking on the fibre, and rack door closing near the fibre. Using a machine learning K-means algorithm, we distinguish between data generated with these controlled disturbances and data generated by noise due to common traffic. These results are the first step along the way to automated data labelling, which can be used for the classification of events.

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“…Therefore, thousands of averaging is required to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), resulting in a long response time. The amplification technology can be employed to improve the intensity of the backscatter, but it will also amplify the noise, which is not beneficial to the SNR of the system [16]. The RBS enhanced fiber has been proposed to improve the system SNR [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig 16. System configuration of the simultaneous distributed temperature and vibration sensor[59] Thermal control module…”

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confidence: 99%

FBG Arrays for Quasi-Distributed Sensing: A Review

Tang

Cheng

et al. 2021

Photonic Sens

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Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array is a powerful technique for quasi-distributed sensing along the entire length of sensing fiber with fast response and high precision. It has been widely used for temperature, strain, and vibration monitoring. In this review work, an overview on the recent advances of FBG arrays is conducted. Firstly, the fabrication methods of FBG array are reviewed, which include femtosecond laser system and online writing technique. Then, the demodulation techniques for FBG arrays are presented and discussed. Distributed static sensing can be performed by demodulating wavelength shift of each FBG, while phase demodulation techniques with low noise are employed for dynamic vibration sensing. Simultaneous distributed dynamic and static sensing system based on FBG array is also outlined. Finally, possible future directions are discussed and concluded. It is believed that the FBG array has great development potential and application prospect.

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100-km-sensing-range single-ended distributed vibration sensor based on remotely pumped Erbium-doped fiber amplifier

Cited by 43 publications

References 14 publications

An analysis of railway track behaviour based on distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing

An analysis of railway track behaviour based on distributed optical fibre acoustic sensing

Monitoring of Fibre Optic Links With a Machine Learning-Assisted Low-Cost Polarimeter

FBG Arrays for Quasi-Distributed Sensing: A Review

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