Preliminary analysis of knee stress in Full Extension Landing

Makinejad, Majid Davoodi; Osman, Noor Azuan Abu; Abas, Wan Abu Bakar Wan; Bayat, Mehdi

doi:10.6061/clinics/2013(09)02

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Makinejad et al [ 44 ] studied the mechanisms of longitudinal impacts on the knee joint, which was similar to our study. They investigated the stress and deformation processes of the knee joint during the falling process from different heights and concluded that longitudinal impact to the knee joint is more likely to cause damage, but the distribution of the injury sites is not yet clear.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Biomechanical Responses and Injury Characteristics of Knee Joints under Longitudinal Impacts of Different Velocities

Xiong

Zhao

Xiang

et al. 2018

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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Background and Objective Knee joint collision injuries occur frequently in military and civilian scenarios, but there are few studies assessing longitudinal impacts on knee joints. In this study, the mechanical responses and damage characteristics of knee longitudinal collisions were investigated by finite element analysis and human knee impact tests. Materials and methods Based on a biocollision test plateau, longitudinal impact experiments were performed on 4 human knee joints (2 in the left knee and 2 in the right knee) to measure the impact force and stress response of the bone. And then a finite element model of knee joint was established from the Chinese Visible Human (CVH), with which longitudinal impacts to the knee joint were simulated, in which the stress response was determined. The injury response of the knee joint-sustained longitudinal impacts was analyzed from both the experimental model and finite element analysis. Results The impact experiments and finite element simulation found that low-speed impact mainly led to medial injuries and high-speed impact led to both medial and lateral injuries. In the knee joint impact experiment, the peak flexion angles were 13.8° ± 1.2, 30.2° ± 5.1, and 92.9° ± 5.45 and the angular velocities were 344.2 ± 30.8 rad/s, 1510.8 ± 252.5 rad/s, and 9290 ± 545 rad/s at impact velocities 2.5 km/h, 5 km/h, and 8 km/h, respectively. When the impact velocity was 8 km/h, 1 knee had a femoral condylar fracture and 3 knees had medial tibial plateau fractures or collapse fractures. The finite element simulation of knee joints found that medial cortical bone stress appeared earlier than the lateral peak and that the medial bone stress concentration was more obvious when the knee was longitudinally impacted. Conclusion Both the experiment and FE model confirmed that the biomechanical characteristics of the injured femur and medial tibia are likely to be damaged in a longitudinal impact, which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of longitudinal impact injuries of the knee joint.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Biomechanical Responses and Injury Characteristics of Knee Joints under Longitudinal Impacts of Different Velocities

Xiong

Zhao

Xiang

et al. 2018

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics

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“…[50-70ms] for muscle to actively respond to the landing/contact stimulus8 . Consistent with previous research 8 , it is reasonable to suggest that the peak vGRF of SaA, SaE and Halt are passive forces, and when achieved, may not be under neuromuscular control, potentially causing the corresponding high deflection in the vertical direction to exceed the threshold stress (maximum tolerable stress)15 . This potentially increases the risk of bone-on-bone contact and subsequent depression of the tibial and femoral cartilage and meniscus15 .Unlike traditional athletic landing techniques, whereby athletes are encouraged to land with greater degrees of knee and ankle flexion as a means of attenuating and dispersing the impact loading forces at ground contact, foot-drill necessitates an extended-knee landing.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…In accordance with previous research 26 , an inverse relationship generally exists between the magnitude of peak vGRF and TTP. During cyclic high impact loading activities, the MSK system is exposed to forces that contain passive components; forces that peak within the initial 10ms, and active components; forces that peak over a longer period and represent the role of the muscles in force attentuation 15 . The mean TTP relative to Halt, SaA, and SaE ranged between 18-14ms, which is considerably lower than the threshold range Understanding the function and utility of different military footwear and their implications with respect to injury risk potential [and its mitigation] in recruits during BMT, is essential for maintaining effective operational and tactical performance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of British Army Footwear on Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters of British Army Foot Drill

Rawcliffe

Graham

Simpson

et al. 2020

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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High rates of occupational training-related lower-limb musculoskeletal [MSK] overuse injuries are reported for British Army recruits during basic training. Foot-drill is a repetitive impact loading occupational activity and involves striking the ground violently with an extended-knee [straight-leg] landing. Foot-drill produces vertical ground reaction forces [vGRF] equal to and/or greater than those reported for high-level plyometric exercises/activities. Shock absorbing footwear aid in the attenuation of the magnitude of vGRF, resulting in a reduced risk of lower-limb MSK overuse injury when running. The potential shock absorbing characteristics of standard issue British Army footwear on the magnitude of vGRF and temporal parameters of foot-drill are scant. Therefore, this study sought to determine the magnitude of, and examine changes in vGRF and temporal parameters of foot-drill across three types of British Army footwear. Sampled at 1000hz, the mean of eight-trials from fifteen recreationally active males were collected from four foot-drills; stand-at-ease [SaE], stand-at-attention [SaA], quick-march [QM] and halt. Analysis of a normal walk was included to act as a comparison with quick-march. Significant main effects [P<0.05] were observed between footwear and foot-drill. The training shoe demonstrated significantly greater shock absorbing capabilities when compared with the combat boot and ammunition boot. Foot-drill produced peak vGRF and peak vertical rate of force development in excess of 5bw, and 350bw/sec, respectively. Time to peak vGRF ranged from 0.016- 0.036ms across foot-drills, indicating that passive vGRF may not be under neuromuscular control. The marginal reductions in the magnitude of vGRF and temporal parameters in foot-drill associated with the training shoe may act to reduce the accumulative impact loading forces experienced by recruits, subsequently minimising the severity and rates of lower-limb MSK overuse injuries and recruit medical discharges during basic training.

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“…6,11 Yet, the compression forces are not distributed uniformly over the entire surface of the meniscus and essentially only concern the middle segment. 18 Our tensile tests simulated the transverse stresses applied to the horn-root junction of the meniscus during flexion-extension movements. 29 Yet, in vivo tensile strains are predominantly located at the root-horn junction, where the meniscus adheres to the tibial plate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preservation Methods Influence the Biomechanical Properties of Human Lateral Menisci: An Ex Vivo Comparative Study of 3 Methods

Jacquet

Érivan

Sharma

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Three main meniscal preservation methods have been used over the past decade: cryopreservation, freezing, and freezing with gamma irradiation. Hypothesis: All 3 preservation methods will result in similar biomechanical properties as defined by tensile and compression testing. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 24 human lateral menisci were collected from patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Inclusion criteria were patients younger than 70 years with primary unilateral (medial) femorotibial knee osteoarthritis. Each meniscus was divided into 2 specimens cross-sectionally. One specimen was systematically cryopreserved and constituted the control (Cy; –140°C), and the other specimen was used for either the simple frozen group (Fr; –80°C) or the frozen+irradiated group (FrI; –80°C + 25-kGy irradiation). Compression and tensile tests were performed to analyze the elasticity modulus (Young modulus) in compression, the elasticity modulus in tension, the tensile force at failure, and the rupture profile of the tensile stress-strain curve. Results: A significant difference in the mean compression elasticity modulus was observed between the Cy and Fr groups (28.86 ± 0.77 vs 37.26 ± 1.08 MPa, respectively; P < .001) and between the Cy and FrI groups (28.86 ± 0.77 vs 45.92 ± 1.09 MPa, respectively; P < .001). A significant difference in the mean tensile elasticity modulus was also observed between the Cy and Fr groups (11.66 ± 0.97 vs 19.97 ± 1.37 MPa, respectively; P = .008) and between the Cy and FrI groups (11.66 ± 0.97 vs 45.25 ± 1.39 MPa, respectively; P < .001). There were no significant differences between the control and study groups in tensile force at failure. The analysis of the stress-strain curve revealed a slow-slope curve with a nonabrupt rupture (ductile material) for the Cy samples versus a clear rupture of the curve for the Fr and FrI samples (more fragile material). Conclusion: Cryopreservation allows for more elastic and less fragile tissue compared with simple freezing or freezing plus irradiation. Clinical Relevance: The study results exhibit the detrimental effect of simple freezing and freezing plus irradiation on human meniscal mechanical properties. If these effects occur in menisci prepared for allograft procedures, important differences could appear in the graft’s mechanical behavior and thus patient outcomes.

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Preliminary analysis of knee stress in Full Extension Landing

Cited by 16 publications

References 46 publications

Biomechanical Responses and Injury Characteristics of Knee Joints under Longitudinal Impacts of Different Velocities

Biomechanical Responses and Injury Characteristics of Knee Joints under Longitudinal Impacts of Different Velocities

The Effects of British Army Footwear on Ground Reaction Force and Temporal Parameters of British Army Foot Drill

Preservation Methods Influence the Biomechanical Properties of Human Lateral Menisci: An Ex Vivo Comparative Study of 3 Methods

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