Mixed-Hemimicelle Solid Phase Extraction Followed by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction of Amphetamines from Biological Samples

Abstract

In this work, the synthesized Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was coated by sodium dodecyl sulfate and then it was used as a sorbent in mixed-hemimicelle solid phase extraction of some amphetamines, as psychoactive drugs, from biological samples. This extraction method was combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to enhance enrichment factors of targeted analytes. Effect of different parameters influencing the hybrid extraction performance, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate amount and sample pH, were investigated. The method showed linearity in the range of 1.0-250 and 2.0-250 µg L -1 for the most of analytes in urine and plasma samples, respectively. The limits of detection, based on signal to noise of 3, were found 0.1-0.2 and 0.3-0.5 µg L -1 in urine and plasma samples, respectively. The results of the intra-day and inter-day precision were less than 13.5% for all amphetamines. The amounts of relative recoveries in spiked urine and plasma samples were found in the range of 90-96 and 87-93%, respectively.

Determination of copper(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after its perconcentration by a highly selective and environmentally friendly dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique

“…Different separation and preconcentration techniques like the co-precipitation (Bader and Benkhayal 2014), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Nishihama et al 2001;Silvestre et al 2009), and solid-phase extraction (Behbahani et al 2014;Yin et al 2016;Khalilian and Rezaee 2017) methods have been developed. However, the mentioned methods are laborious, time-consuming, and require a high volume of organic solvents (Khalilian and Rezaee 2016;Quigley et al 2016). Recently, in order to solve such problems, the dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique has been developed by Assadi and co-workers (Rezaee et al 2006).…”

“…The advantages of the DLLME method are the simplicity of the operation, a short extraction time, a low volume of the organic solvent, a high enhancement factor, low-cost apparatus, and a green method because of the minimizing of consumption of harmful solvents (Özzeybek et al 2017;Khalilian and Rezaee 2016;Jalbani and Soylak 2015;Reclo et al 2017;Bahadir et al 2018;Pouyan et al 2016). The most significant advantage of these methods is that almost all of the total volume of the extraction phase can be introduced into the detection system, while only a limited volume of the extraction solvent is introduced in the conventional preconcentration and extraction methods (Yilmaz and Soylak 2016).…”