First Appraisal of Water Contamination by Antifouling Booster Biocide of 3^rdGeneration at Itaqui Harbor (São Luiz - Maranhão - Brazil)

Review: ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems

“…The group of fungicides (chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid and thiram) was the least toxic group to aquatic organisms (Figures 2-3). As expected, herbicides were more toxic to primary producers, however it is important to highlight that Irgarol 1051 and diuron were toxic for many species at environmentally relevant concentrations (Thomas et al 2001;Carbery et al 2006;Ali et al 2013;Diniz et al 2014) (Table 4). Fungicides tend to be more toxic to animal groups, and very toxic to seawater zooplankton and freshwater vertebrates (Table S2).…”

Ecological effects of Irgarol 1051 and Diuron on a coastal meiobenthic community: A laboratory microcosm experiment

“…Recently, both Irgarol 1051 and Diuron have been banned or imposed a regulated use in Europe because of their environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms (e.g., Dafforn et al, 2011). Notwithstanding, they are still widely used worldwide and detectable environmental levels have been frequently detected in sediments, especially in marinas and harbors with high boating activities (Diniz et al, 2014;Dominguez et al, 2014).…”

Ionic Liquid-Dispersive Micro-Extraction and Detection by High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Antifouling Biocides in Water

“…Recently, these antifouling biocides have been widely identified in marinas and harbors throughout the world [ 11 ]. In aquatic environments, concentrations of Irgarol 1051 ranged from 0.12–4800 ng L −1 [ 12 , 13 ], whereas concentrations of Sea-Nine 211 ranged from 0.1–3300 ng L −1 [ 14 , 15 ]. Due to their prevalence at low concentrations, pre-concentration techniques and sensitivity detection are generally highlighted.…”