Ionic Liquid-Dispersive Micro-Extraction and Detection by High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Antifouling Biocides in Water

Abstract

A simple analytical method was developed and evaluated for the determination of two antifouling biocides using an ionic liquid-dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction (IL-DLLME) and a high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) analysis. Irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 were extracted from deionized water, lake water, and seawater using IL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIm][PF6]) and ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent and the dispersion solvent. Several factors were considered, including the type and volume of extraction and dispersive solvent, IL amount, sample pH, salt effect, and cooling temperature. The developed method resulted in a recovery range of 78.7–90.3%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) less than 7.5%. The analytes were enriched greater than 40-fold, and the limits of detection (LOD) for two antifouling biocides were 0.01–0.1 μg L−1. The method was effectively applied for the analysis of real samples of freshwater as well as samples of seawater.

Advancements in Preprocessing and Analysis of Nitrite and Nitrate since 2010 in Biological Samples: A Review

“…Ionic liquid (IL) as a "green chemical" solvent is replacing the toxic, combustible and volatile organic solvents of traditional LLE [40,41]. Owing to its advantages such as simple operation, rapidity, high enrichment efficiency, and diminished use of extraction agent, ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) is applicable for combined use with instrumental methods covering gas chromatography and liquid chromatography [42]. He et al [24] utilized the ionic liquid 1-octyl- A hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent is similar to IL in terms of physical properties and phase behavior, which can serve as a novel green extraction solvent to substitute IL.…”

“…operation, rapidity, high enrichment efficiency, and diminished use of extraction agen ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (IL-DLLME) is applicable for com bined use with instrumental methods covering gas chromatography and liquid chroma tography [42]. He et al [24] utilized the ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(tr fluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([OMIM][Tf2N]) as an extraction solvent in combinatio with a HPLC-UV detector to analyze nitrite in saliva, and obtained a good EF (413) an extraction recovery (ER) of 94.2%.…”

“…As chemiluminescence bound to triiodide reducing solution allows accurate quantification of nitrite in a low nanomolar concentration range, it is deemed a more responsive method [49]. Depending on the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone, NO was derived from nitrate and nitrite through reduction [6,42,43]. The specific reaction is shown in Figure 7.…”

“…28, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 28 method[49]. Depending on the chemiluminescence reaction with ozone, NO was derived from nitrate and nitrite through reduction[6,42,43]. The specific reaction is shown in Figure 7.…”