Determination of Thymol and Carvacrol in Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows using Solid-Phase Microextraction

Fiori, Giovana Maria L.; Bonato, Pierina Sueli; Marques, Maria Paula; Contini, Silvia Helena T.; Pereira, Ana Maria Soares

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20130109

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…A fraction, denominated AR002/5 (597.7 mg), was submitted to further fractionations on normal phase, with different isocratic mixtures of n-hexane/EtOAc and CH 2 Cl 2 /cyclohexane, affording two pure compounds. One of them was identified by GC/MS as carvacrol ( 1 ) (0.7 mg) [ 42 ], the other one as squalene ( 2 ) (6 mg) [ 43 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Ecuadorian Species Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts

et al. 2018

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The phytochemical investigation of both volatile and fixed metabolites of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae) was performed for the first time. It allowed the isolation and characterization of the essential oil and six known compounds: carvacrol (1), squalane (2), uvaol (3), erythrodiol (4), ursolic acid (5), and salvigenin (6). Their structures were identified and characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), and corroborated by literature. The essential oil of the leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation in two different periods and analyzed by GC-MS and GC coupled to Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). A total of 54 compounds were detected, of which 42 were identified (including trace constituents). The major constituents were carvacrol methyl ether (18.9–23.2%), carvacrol (13.8–16.3%) and, carvacryl acetate (11.4–4.8%). The antibacterial activities were determined as Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus. The hexane and methanol extracts exhibited activity only against Klebsiella pneumoniae (250 and 500 μg/mL respectively), while the ethyl acetate extract was inactive. The hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by the in vitro inhibition of α-glucosidase. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract showed strong inhibitory activity with IC50 = 24.88 µg/mL, however methanolic and hexanic extracts showed weak activity. As a pure compound, only ursolic acid showed a strong inhibitory activity, with IC50 = 72.71 μM.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Ecuadorian Species Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts

et al. 2018

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“…Shakeri et al 48 determined carvacrol in polyhydroxylate nanoparticles at 275 nm. Finally, Fiori et al 49 used GC/MS and headspace solidphase microextraction to measure carvacrol and thymol in plasma and milk of dairy cows with an LOD of 0.5 and 2.0 ng/ mL, respectively.…”

Section: ■ Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and Multibeneficial Bioactivities of Carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a Component of Essential Oils Produced by Aromatic Plants and Spices

Friedman

2014

J. Agric. Food Chem.

153

100

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Aromatic plants produce organic compounds that may be involved in the defense of plants against phytopathogenic insects, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. One of these compounds, called carvacrol, which is found in high concentrations in essential oils such as oregano, has been reported to exhibit numerous bioactivities in cells and animals. This integrated overview surveys and interprets our present knowledge of the chemistry and analysis of carvacrol and its beneficial bioactivities. These activities include its antioxidative properties in food (e.g., lard, sunflower oil) and in vivo and the inhibition of foodborne and human antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, viruses, pathogenic fungi and parasites, and insects in vitro and in human foods (e.g., apple juice, eggs, leafy greens, meat and poultry products, milk, oysters) and food animal feeds and wastes. Also covered are inhibitions of microbial and fungal toxin production and the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiarthritic, antiallergic, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties of carvacrol as well as metabolic, synergistic, and mechanistic aspects. Areas for future research are also suggested. The collated information and suggested research might contribute to a better understanding of agronomical, biosynthetic, chemical, physiological, and cellular mechanisms of the described health-promoting effects of carvacrol, and facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of carvacrol as a multifunctional food in pure and encapsulated forms, in edible antimicrobial films, and in combination with plant-derived and medical antibiotics to help prevent or treat animal and human diseases.

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“…The determination of thymol in conjunction with eucalyptol, camphor, and menthol in Greek thyme honey was done using a GC-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) method [34]. Some GC-MS methods for determining thymol in various biological fluids, such as dairy cow plasma and milk, and human plasma, have also been published [35,36]. Some other techniques such as cerium oxide nanoparticles-based electrochemical sensor [37], liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection [38], and ultra-performance convergence chromatography [39] techniques have also been reported for the determination of thymol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Thymol in Commercial Formulation, Essential Oils, Traditional, and Ultrasound-Based Extracts of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare Using a Greener HPTLC Approach

et al. 2022

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In the literature, greener analytical approaches for determining thymol in its commercial formulations, plant-based phytopharmaceuticals, and biological fluids are scarce. As a result, the goal of this study is to develop and validate a normal-phase “high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)” method for determining thymol in commercial formulations, essential oils, traditional extracts (TE), and ultrasound-based extracts (UBE) of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare obtained from various geographical regions. The greener mobile phase for thymol analysis was a binary combination of cyclohexane and ethyl acetate (85:15, v/v). The derivatized densitometric analysis of thymol was carried out under visible mode at 530 nm utilizing anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid as a derivatizing/visualizing agent. In the 10–2000 ng/band range, the greener normal-phase HPTLC method was linear. Furthermore, for thymol analysis, the proposed analytical approach was simple, quick, inexpensive, accurate, precise, robust, sensitive, and greener. The thymol contents in commercial formulation were computed as 7.61% w/w. In general, the thymol contents were maximum in essential oils of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare compared to the other sample matrices studied. The thymol contents of TE of T. vulgaris and O. vulgare of different geographical regions were significantly low compared to their UBE extract. Using 12 distinct components of green analytical chemistry, the overall “analytical GREEnness (AGREE)” scale for the proposed analytical approach was computed 0.79, showing the good greener nature of the proposed analytical approach. Overall, the greener normal-phase HPTLC technique was found to be reliable for determining thymol in commercial formulations and plant-based phytopharmaceuticals.

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Determination of Thymol and Carvacrol in Plasma and Milk of Dairy Cows using Solid-Phase Microextraction

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Ecuadorian Species Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts

α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Antibacterial Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Ecuadorian Species Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts

Chemistry and Multibeneficial Bioactivities of Carvacrol (4-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol), a Component of Essential Oils Produced by Aromatic Plants and Spices

Determination of Thymol in Commercial Formulation, Essential Oils, Traditional, and Ultrasound-Based Extracts of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare Using a Greener HPTLC Approach

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